Resources for the Study of the Greek Language,

The Greek Language, Grammar and Syntax

Importance of Biblical Languages

The Importance of the Biblical Languages (Martin Luther) A multi-page excerpt from: "To the Councilmen of All Cities in Germany That They Establish and Maintain Christian Schools," 1524.

J. Gresham Machen, The Minister & His Greek Testament

B. B. Warfield on seminary curriculum, including the role of Greek and Hebrew in it.

The Place of Greek and Hebrew in a Minister’s Education (Michael Burer)

The Value of Learning Greek (Bill Freeman)

The Value of New Testament Greek in the Ministry (Timothy B. Savage)

Preparing to Take A First Year Greek Class (Corey Keating)

How to Learn Biblical Greek (Corey Keating)

Greek In General

Temporal Deixis of the Greek Verb in the Gospel of Mark in Light of Verbal Aspect (v. 10 in the Peter Lang series, Studies in Biblical Greek, ed. D. A. Carson; published Oct. 2000; ISBN: 0-8204-5033-2). This page provides information about Rodney J. Decker's book, supplementary material, and some extracts (editor's and author's prefaces, etc.).

What's the Subject? (70K .pdf file, v. 5) 2-page summary of the relationship of the subject and predicate nominative with linking verbs in koine Greek. Intended for beginning and intermediate Greek students, by Rodney J. Decker.

The Significance of Greek for Jews in the Roman Empire (Kurt Treu) from Kairos NF 15, Hft. 1/2 (1973), 123-144 [original title: "Die Bedeutung des Griechischen fur die Juden im romischen Reich"].

MOODS AND TENSES OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK (ERNEST DE WITT BURTON) Full text of this helpful grammar/syntax of the verb (3d ed., 1898). The BibleWorks Greek font is required to read the Greek text in Greek characters.

Irregular verbs in Mounce's vocabulary (chart by Carl Conrad)

Participles (Dan Wallace) This is the complete chapter on participles (pp. 613-55) from Wallace's Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax of the NT (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1996).

"The Poor Man's Porter"--A synopsis of Stan Porter's valuable tome, Verbal Aspect in the Greek of the New Testament, with Reference to Tense and Mood (Sheffield, 2d ed., 1993). This link is to a 31-page .pdf file, 132K.

Verbal Aspect in Recent Debate: Objections to Porter's Non-Temporal View of the Verb, A Paper [to be] Presented at Evangelical Theological Society Eastern Region Annual Meeting, 3/30/01, Philadelphia Biblical University, Langhorne, PA (137K, 16 pgs. sg.-sp., .pdf file). This is an edited adaptation of pp. 38-49 of the book.

Review of Mari Olsen's A Semantic and Pragmatic Model of Lexical and Grammatical Aspect. Outstanding Dissertations in Linguistics. New York: Garland, 1997. Review published in JOMAT 2.1 (1998): 110-20. (33K .pdf file)

The Greek Aorist Participle (Don Wilkins) "This article discusses the use of aorist participles placed after their governing verbs in the LXX and the New Testament." (Not available)

CLAROS, the web page of the Greek Spanish Lexicon (DGE) now contains a bibliographical data base of Greek Inscriptions, called CLAROS, which is available for public consultation. CLAROS is a sum of the concordances included at the end of many epigraphical collections that were published since the end of the 19th C., as well as a number of concordances prepared by the authors of the Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum or by DGE for volumes that had an incomplete concordance or had no concordance at all. In all, CLAROS contains near 140,000 records coming from more than 350 epigraphical collections. (English site; link above is the Spanish version.)

Modal Possibilities for the Elliptical Verb in the Imperative-Comparative Clause in NT Greek (John Makujina) From: Filolog|8a Neotestamentaria 11 (1998) 43-56. The summary given with the article listing is as follows: "This study focuses on the modal possibilities of the elliptical verb in the imperative-comparative clause. After examining every imperative- comparative clause in the NT, it was discovered that comparative clauses that contained a verb were always in the indicative mood. Findings for comparative clauses with an elided verb were similar. Classifications and functions for various types of imperative- comparative clauses in the NT are also included in the paper."

Hellenistic Greek (Adolf Deissman). An important article from the New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge (1909). 30K .pdf file (located on this site).

The Myth about the Meaning of First Class Conditions in Greek (Daniel B. Wallace)

Revisiting the Colwell Construction in Light of Mass/Count Nouns (Donald E. Hartley)

The New World Translation and Christologically Significant Article-Substantive-KAI-Substantive Constructions in the New Testament (J. Ed Komoszewski)

Granville Sharp: A Model of Evangelical Scholarship and Social Activism (Daniel B. Wallace) Although the page does not say, it was a paper delivered at the national ETS conference in Philadelphia in 1996. Wallace's dissertation dealt with Granville Sharp, so this may serve as an introduction to it. The dissertation is well worth studying (available from UMI and I think to be published by Peter Lang. Also see next entry.)

Sharp Redivivus? A Reexamination of the Granville Sharp Rule (Daniel B. Wallace) An excerpt from Dan's dissertation.

Granville Sharp and the Deity of Christ (Bill Combs) .pdf file

Sharp's Rule and Antitrinitarian Theologies: A Bicentennial Defense of Granville Sharp's Argument for the Deity of Christ (Robert M. Bowman, Jr., August 1998 Revised Edition) Atlanta Christian Apologetics Project, Inc.

Smyth's (classical) Greek Grammar (Note: this is the first edition of Smyth [1920], not the current edition [1956], and the section numbers cited are different; it does have the full text online; part of Persus Project.)

Overview of Greek Grammar, keyed to Smyth's classical Greek grammar; part of Persus Project (Jeffrey A. Rydberg-Cox)

A Comparative Analysis of Two Approaches to Greek: The Traditional Approach and the Linguistic Approach, Lee Roy Martin (May 1990)

An Outline of Lexical Semantics, Lee Roy Martin (6/27/97)

Septuagint Greek Compared to NT Greek, Lee Roy Martin (7/8/97)

Towards a Theory of Aspectual Nesting for New Testament Greek" (Kimmo Huovila, MA [Pro gradu] thesis, Univ. of Helsinki, 1999) Available in full text (English, .pdf file).

The Greek Language: The origin, evolution, influences and current form of the Greek Language, Ioannis Dimakos

Differences Between Classical and Hellenistic Greek: A Quick Introduction (Jay C. Treat)

Greek Language and Linguistics Gateway. Here you will find information about Greek Linguistics and the Greek language. Links to Greek manuscripts on the web are on the Greek Manuscripts Gateway page (see below). Bibliographic resources for Greek Linguistics are also available.

Thesaurus Linguae Graecae (TLG) is the largest existing electronic data bank of Greek texts. It contains most of the ancient Greek literature from Homer (8th century B.C.) to 600 A.D. plus historiographical, lexicographical and scholastic texts from the period between 600 and 1453 A.D. The TLG Web Page is designed to present general information and answers to frequently asked questions about the TLG.

Resources for Learning New Testament Greek.

Wordbase for learning Greek. A digital wordbase for Koine Greek. This is a freeware, but you have to register your individual copy.

Pronunciation Guide. Prof. Donald Mastronarde. This is one module of a complete computer program published a few years ago, on a Mac platform only, to accompany Mastronarde's textbook. At present it is being developed as freeware for the www. Insofar as its single focus, morphology, goes, it is excellent.

The Greek Resources Pages. Fritz Hinrichs

Greek New Testament Gateway. (Mark Goodacre) This is a wonderful site with on-line texts of the NT, info on learning NT Greek, bibliographies, grammars, lexica, fonts, and computer software.

A Bibliography of Ancient Greek Linguistics (Michel Buijs; Universiteit Utrecht).

Greek Grammars (Online)

Jonathan Robie. Little Greek 101. N.B. the Pdf does not include the audio files.

Corey Keating. Learning New Testament Greek.

Jim West. Elementary Greek

Elaine Woodward & Marianne Pagos. Enchiridion.

John Gruber-Miller. Let's Review Greek! This site contains several excellent links to grammars and sources for review.

Marc Huys. Greek Grammar on the Web This site is broken down into several excellent subheadings: Why Study Ancient Greek?; Greek Fonts; The Alphabet, Numerals, Accentuation and Pronunciation; Introductory Courses; Elementary Training; Dictionaries and Lexica; Systematic Grammar and Syntax; History of the Greek Languag; Advance Study of the Language; The Reading of Ancient Greek Texts; Other Online Surveys and Bibliography.

Gerald L. Stevens. New Testament Greek

Helma Dik. Course Hand-Outs.

Michael Luper. Greek Helps these are clear and useful class notes, under the form of charming and colorful slides, meant as a help for the study of Mounce's Basics of Biblical Greek textbook. There is a series of slides for each chapter as well as a separate set of slides with the vocabulary: for the Greek the Mounce font is used. It is possible to use these slides on their own, since they contain the most essential information from the handbook and deal with most basic aspects of Greek morphology.

Ann Thomas Wilkins and Alison Willard Barker. Ancient Greek with Thrasymachus. these extensive and accurate notes are meant to be used with the textbook Thrasymachus by C. W. E. Peckett and A. R. Munday (initially published in 1965, first published by Bristol Classical Press in 1984 and reprinted in 1990). They consist of an introduction in which the authors explain their didactic approach and of 22 sections corresponding with 22 chapters of the handbook. Their choice of Thrasymachus results from their appreciation of the method of reading Greek texts from the very beginning, thus requiring students to learn grammar and vocabulary in context. The supplement has been designed to explicate and reinforce the material presented in Thrasymachus, especially for the growing number of students who have begun their study of Greek without prior work in Latin or whose knowledge of English grammar is often less than thorough. So many comments focus on the parallels and differences between English and Greek grammar, but the online materials also include a great number of useful exercises. In these 22 sections nearly all of the basic morphology is dealt with but also some important syntactical topics, such as the various uses of the moods and the tenses, clauses of result and purpose, indirect speech etc. All this is orderly presented and the Greek is almost impeccable, except for some accentuation mistakes. To view the Greek characters, you must have installed the SPIonic font.

NT Greek for Beginners, J. G. Machen (These are scanned images, not text. Follow the link "About this book" on the relevant Table of Contents page on the site linked here for the same in .rtf, .tiff, .png, and ThML formats.)

Jeff Smelser. NTGreek.net, New Testament Greek Grammar Course. these two courses are certainly among the best New Testament Greek online courses. You have to register and to pay a fee if you need feedback, assistance and evaluations by the instructor, but all the lessons and assignments can be accessed freely. The nine lessons of the first course cover the alphabet, accents, punctuation and pronunciation as well as the morphology of the article, pronouns, nouns (only the first and second declension) and verbs (only the present and future indicitave of the regular verbs). At the same time some elements of syntax are dealt with, such as the attributive and predicate positions and the use of the prepositions and of . The past tenses and the third declension are reserved for the second course. The presentation of grammar is accurate and completely devoid of the superficiality that is often characteristic of such introductory courses; by several examples and remarks Smelser shows that he is well-versed in New Testament Greek. Moreover, the site is well organized from a didactic point of view and the explanations are clear and detailed - sometimes accompanied by audio-files - and therefore very useful for the student without any face to face instruction.

Participle Use Flow Chart (Rod Decker; 11K .pdf file, 1 page). This chart summarizes the use of the participle in the Greek of the NT.

"Difficult" Primary Verb Forms (15K v. 4 .pdf file) This chart lists the more troublesome of the primary verb forms [aka, principal parts]. These are the 50 forms underlined in Mounce's charts and recommended as helpful for a beginning student to memorize.

Greek Lexicons Online

The New Testament Greek Lexicon. At Goshen: "based on Thayer's and Smith's Bible Dictionary plus others, this is keyed to the large Kittel and the Theological Dictionary of the New Testament." You can search or browse the lexicon and you can listen to the pronunciation of each word.

Liddell-Scott-Jones Lexicon of Classical Greek [Oxford Mirror] [Berlin Mirror]. In one of the most remarkable and useful developments on the internet, the Perseus Site has made available a resource that is in many ways better than the printed version, for here one can often access the web-versions of the texts to which one is referred by the Lexicon.

Links