SECTION II. SIFTED AS WHEAT
Luke xxii. 31, 32.
This fragment of the conversation at the
supper-table is important, as showing us the view taken by Jesus of the crisis
through which His disciples were about to pass. In form an address to Peter, it
is really a word in season to all, and concerning all. This is evident from the
use of the plural pronoun in addressing the disciple directly spoken to.
"Satan," says Jesus, "hath desired to have (not thee, but) you:" thee, Simon,
and also all thy brethren along with thee. The same thing appears from the
injunction laid on Peter to turn his fall to account for the benefit of his
brethren. The brethren, of course, are not the other disciples then present
alone, but all who should believe as well. The apostles, however, are not to be
excluded from the brotherhood who were to be benefited by Peter's experience;
on the contrary, they are probably the parties principally and in the first
place intended.
Looking, then, at this utterance as expressive of
the judgment of Jesus on the character of the ensuing crisis in the history of
the future apostles, we find in it three noticeable particulars.
1. First, Jesus regards the crisis as a
sifting-time for the disciples. Satan, the accuser of the brethren, skeptical
of their fidelity and integrity, as of Job's and of all good men's, was to sift
them as wheat, hopeful that they would turn out mere chaff, and become
apostates like Judas, or at least that they would make a miserable and
scandalous breakdown. In this respect this final crisis was like the one at
Capernaum a year before. That also was a sifting-time for Christ's
discipleship. Chaff and wheat were then, too, separated, the chaff proving to
be out of all proportion to the wheat, for "many went back, and walked no more
with Him."
But alongside of this general resemblance between
the two crises,--the minor and the major we may call them,--an important
difference is to be observed. In the minor crisis, the chosen few were the pure
wheat, the fickle multitude being the chaff; in the major, they are both wheat
and chaff in one, and the sifting is not between man and man, but between the
good and the bad, the precious and the vile, in the same man. The hearts of the
eleven faithful ones are to be searched, and all their latent weakness
discovered: the old man is to be divided asunder from the new; the vain,
self-confident, self-willed, impetuous Simon son of Jonas, from the devoted,
chivalrous, heroic, rock-like Peter.
This distinction between the two crises implies
that the later was of a more searching character than the earlier; and that it
was so indeed, is obvious on a moment's reflection. Consider only how different
the situation of the disciples in the two cases! In the minor crisis, the
multitude go, but Jesus remains; in the major, Jesus Himself is taken from
them, and they are left as sheep without a shepherd. A mighty difference truly,
sufficiently explaining the difference in the conduct of the same men on the
two occasions. It was no doubt very disappointing and disheartening to see the
mass of people who had lately followed their Master with enthusiasm, dispersing
like an idle mob after seeing a show. But while the Master remained, they would
not break their hearts about the defection of spurious disciples. They loved
Jesus for His own sake, not for His popularity or for any other by-end. He was
their teacher, and could give them the bread of eternal truth, which, and not
the bread that perisheth, was what they were in quest of: He was their Head,
their Father, their Elder Brother, their spiritual Husband, and they would
cling to Him through all fortunes, with filial, brotherly, wifely fidelity, He
being more to them than the whole world outside. If their prospects looked dark
even with Him, where could they go to be any better? They had no choice but to
remain where they were.
Remain accordingly they did, faithfully,
manfully; kept steadfast by sincerity, a clear perception of the alternatives,
and ardent love to their Lord. But now, alas! when it is not the multitude, but
Jesus Himself, that leaves them,--not forsaking them, indeed, but torn from
them by the strong hand of worldly power,--what are they to do? Now they may
well ask Peter's question, "To whom shall we go?" despairing of an answer. He
whose presence was their solace at a trying, discouraging season, who at the
worst, even when His doctrine was mysterious and His conduct incomprehensible,
was more to them than all else in the world at its best; even He is rift from
their side, and now they are utterly forlorn, without a master, a champion, a
guide, a friend, a father. Worse still, in losing Him they lose not merely
their best friend, but their faith. They could believe Jesus to be the Christ,
although the multitude apostatized; for they could regard such apostasy as the
effect of ignorance, shallowness, insincerity. But how can they believe in the
Messiahship of one who is led away to prison in place of a throne; and instead
of being crowned a king, is on His way to be executed as a felon? Bereft of
Jesus in this fashion, they are bereft of their Christ as well. The unbelieving
world asks them, "Where is thy God?" and they can make no reply.
"Christ and we against the world;" "Christ in the
world's power, and we left alone:" such, in brief, was the difference between
the two sifting seasons. The results of the sifting process were
correspondingly diverse. In the one case, it separated between the sincere and
the insincere; in the other, it discovered weakness even in the sincere. The
men who on the earlier occasion stood resolutely to their colors, on the later
fled panic-stricken, consulting for their safety without dignity, and, in one
case at least, with shameful disregard of truth. Behold how weak even good men
are without faith! With faith, however crude or ill-informed, you may overcome
the whole world; without the faith that places God consciously at your side,
you have no chance. Satan will get possession of you and sift you, and cause
you to equivocate with Abraham, feign madness with David, dissemble and swear
falsely or profanely with Peter. No one can tell how far you may fall if you
lose faith in God. The just live justly, nobly, only by their faith.
2. Jesus regards the crisis through which His
disciples are to pass as one which, though perilous, shall not prove deadly to
their faith. His hope is that though they fall, they shall not fall away;
though the sun of faith be eclipsed, it shall not be extinguished. He has this
hope even in regard to Peter, having taken care to avert so disastrous a
catastrophe. "I have prayed for thee, that thy faith fail not." And the result
was as He anticipated. The disciples showed themselves weak in the final
crisis, but not wicked. Satan tripped them up, but he did not enter into and
possess them. In this respect they differed to toto coelo from Judas, who not
only lost his faith, but cast away his love, and, abandoning his Lord, went
over to the enemy, and became a tool for the accomplishment of their wicked
designs. The eleven, at their worst, continued faithful to their Master in
heart. They neither committed, nor were capable of committing, acts of perfidy,
but even in fleeing identified themselves with the losing side.
But Peter, what of him? was not he an exception
to this statement? Well, he certainly did more than fail in faith; and we have
no wish to extenuate the gravity of his offence, but would rather see in it a
solemn illustration of the close proximity into which the best men may be
brought with the worst. At the same time, it is only just to remark that there
is a wide difference between denying Christ among the servants of the high
priest, and betraying Him into the hands of the high priest himself for a sum
of money. The latter act is the crime of a traitor knave; the former might be
committed by one who would be true to his master on all occasions in which his
interests seemed seriously involved. In denying Jesus, Peter thought that he
was saving himself by dissimulation, without doing any material injury to his
Lord. His act resembled that of Abraham when he circulated the lying story
about his wife being his sister, to protect himself from the violence of
licentious strangers. That was certainly a very mean, selfish act, most
unworthy of the father of the faithful. Peter's act was not less mean and
selfish, but also not more. Both were acts of weakness rather than of
wickedness, for which few, even among good men, can afford to throw stones at
the patriarch and the disciple. Even those who play the hero on great occasions
will at other times act very unworthily. Many men conceal and belie their
convictions at the dinner-table, who would boldly proclaim their sentiments
from the pulpit or the platform. Standing in the place where Christ's servants
are expected to speak the truth, they draw their swords bravely in defense of
their Lord; but, mixing in society on equal terms, they too often say in
effect, "I know not the man." Peter's offence, therefore, if grave, is
certainly not uncommon. It is committed virtually, if not formally, by
multitudes who are utterly incapable of public deliberate treason against truth
and God. The erring disciple was much more singular in his repentance than in
his sin. Of all who in mere acts of weakness virtually deny Christ, how few,
like him, go out and weep bitterly!
That Peter did not fall as Judas fell, utterly
and irrevocably, was due in part to a radical difference between the two men.
Peter was at heart a child of God; Judas, in the core of his being, had been
all along a child of Satan. Therefore we may say that Peter could not have
sinned as Judas sinned, nor could Judas have repented as Peter repented. Yet,
while we say this, we must not forget that Peter was kept from falling away by
special grace granted to him in answer to his Master's prayers. The precise
terms in which Jesus prayed for Peter we do not know; for the prayer in behalf
of the one disciple has not, like that for the whole eleven, been recorded. But
the drift of these special intercessions is plain, from the account given of
them by Jesus to Peter. The Master had prayed that His disciple's faith might
not fail. He had not prayed that he might be exempt from Satan's sifting
process, or even kept from falling; for He knew that a fall was necessary, to
show the self-confident disciple his own weakness. He had prayed that Peter's
fall might not be ruinous; that his grievous sin might be followed by godly
sorrow, not by hardening of heart, or, as in the case of the traitor, by the
sorrow of the world, which worketh death: the remorse of a guilty conscience,
which, like the furies, drives the sinner headlong to damnation. And in Peter's
repentance, immediately after his denials, we see the fulfilment of his
Master's prayer, special grace being given to melt his heart, and overwhelm him
with generous grief, and cause him to weep out his soul in tears. Not by his
piety or goodness of heart was the salutary result produced, but by God's
Spirit and God's providence conspiring to that end. But for the cock-crowing,
and the warning words it recalled to mind, and the glance of Jesus' eye, and
the tender mercy of the Father in heaven, who can tell what sullen devilish
humors might have taken possession of the guilty disciple's heart! Remember how
long even the godly David gave place to the devil, and harbored in his bosom
the demons of pride, falsehood, and impenitence, after his grievous fall; and
see how far it was from being a matter of course that Peter, immediately after
denying Christ, should come under the blessed influence of a broken and
contrite spirit, or even that the spiritual crisis through which he passed had
a happy issue at all. By grace he was saved, as are we all.
3. Jesus regards the crisis about to be gone
through by His disciples as one which shall not only end happily, but result in
spiritual benefit to themselves, and qualify them for being helpful to others.
This appears from the injunction He lays on Peter: "When thou art converted,
strengthen thy brethren." Jesus expects the frail disciple to become strong in
grace, and so able and willing to help the weak. He cherishes this expectation
with respect to all, but specially in regard to Peter, assuming that the
weakest might and ought eventually to become the strongest; the last first, the
greatest sinner the greatest saint; the most foolish the wisest, most
benignant, and sympathetic of men.
How encouraging this genial, kindly view of moral
shortcoming to such as have erred! The Saviour says to them in effect, There is
no cause for despair: sin cannot only be forgiven, but it can even be turned to
good account both for yourselves and for others. Falls, rightly improved, may
become stepping-stones to Christian virtue, and a training for the office of a
comforter and guide. How healing such a view to the troubled conscience! Men
who have erred, and who take a serious thought of their sin, are apt to consume
their hearts and waste their time in bitter reflections on their past
misconduct. Christ gives them more profitable work to do. "When thou art
converted," He says to them, "strengthen thy brethren:" cease from idle regrets
over the irrevocable past, and devote thyself heart and soul to labors of love;
and let it help thee to forgive thyself, that from thy very faults and follies
thou mayest learn the meekness, patience, compassion, and wisdom necessary for
carrying on such labors with success.
But while very encouraging to those who have
sinned, Christ's words to Simon contain no encouragement to sin. It is a
favorite doctrine with some,--that we may do evil that good may come; that we
must be prodigals in order to be good Christians; that a mud bath must precede
the washing of regeneration and the baptism of the soul in the Redeemer's
blood. This is a false, pernicious doctrine, of which the Holy One could not be
the patron. Do evil that good may come, say you? And what if the good come not?
It does not come, as we have seen, as a matter of course; nor is it the
likelier to come that you make the hope of its coming the pretext for sinning.
If the good ever come, it will come through the strait gate of repentance. You
can become wise, gracious, meek, sympathetic, a burden-bearer to the weak, only
by going out first and weeping bitterly. But what chance is there of such a
penitential melting of heart appearing in one who adopts and acts on the
principle that a curriculum of sin is necessary to the attainment of insight,
self-knowledge, compassion, and all the humane virtues? The probable issue of
such a training is a hardened heart, a seared conscience, a perverted moral
judgment, the extirpation of all earnest convictions respecting the difference
between right and wrong; the opinion that evil leads to good insensibly
transforming itself into the idea that evil is good, and fitting its advocate
for committing sin without shame or compunction.
"And
dare we to this fancy give,
That had the wild-oat not been sown,
The soil, left barren, scarce had grown
The grain by which a man may live?
Oh, if we held the doctrine sound,
For life outliving heats of youth;
Yet who would preach it as a truth
To those that eddy round and round?
Hold thou the good: define it well:
For fear divine Philosophy
Should push beyond her mark, and be
Procuress to the lords of hell."[27.9
In Peter's case good did come out of evil. The
sifting time formed a turning-point in his spiritual history: the sifting
process had for its result a second conversion more thorough than the first,--a
turning from sin, not merely in general, but in detail; from besetting sins, in
better informed if not more fervent repentance, and with a purpose of new
obedience less self-reliant, but just on that account more reliable. A child
hitherto,--a child of God, indeed, yet only a child,--Peter became a man strong
in grace, and fit to bear the burden of the weak. Yet it is worthy of notice,
as showing how little sympathy the Author of our faith had with the doctrine
that evil may be done for the sake of good, that Jesus, while aware how Peter's
fall would end, did not on that account regard it as desirable. He said not, "I
have desired to sift thee," but assigns the task of sifting the disciple to the
evil spirit who in the beginning tempted our first parent to sin by the
specious argument, "Ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil," reserving to
Himself the part of an intercessor, who prays that the evil permitted may be
overruled for good. "Satan hath desired to have you:" "I have prayed for thee."
What words could more strongly convey the idea of guilt and peril than these,
which intimate that Simon is about to do a deed which is an object of desire to
the evil one, and which makes it necessary that he should be specially prayed
for by the Saviour of souls? Men must go elsewhere in quest of support for
apologetic or pantheistic views of sin.
But it may be thought that the reference to Satan
tends in another way to weaken moral earnestness, by encouraging men to throw
the blame of their falls on him. Theoretically plausible, this objection is
practically contrary to fact; for the patrons of lax notions of sin are also
the unbelievers in the personality of the devil. "The further the age has
removed from the idea of a devil, the laxer it has become in the imputation and
punishment of sin. The older time, which did not deny the temptations and
assaults of the devil, was yet so little inclined on that account to excuse
men, that it regarded the neglect of resistance against the evil spirit, or the
yielding to him, as the extreme degree of guilt, and exercised against it a
judicial severity from which we shrink with horror. The opposite extreme to
this strictness is the laxity of recent criminal jurisprudence, in which judges
and physicians are too much inclined to excuse the guilty from physical or
psychical grounds, while the moral judgment of public opinion is slack and
indulgent. It is undeniable that to every sin not only a bad will, but also the
spell of some temptation, contributes; and when temptation is not ascribed to
the devil, the sinner does not on that account impute blame to his bad will,
but to temptations springing from some other quarter, which he does not derive
from sin, but from nature, although nature tempts only when under the influence
of sin. The world and the flesh are indeed powers of temptation, not through
their natural substance, but through the influence of the bad with which they
are infected. But when, as at present, the seduction to evil is referred to
sensuality, temperament, physical lusts and passions, circumstances, or fixed
ideas, monomanias, etc., guilt is taken off the sinner's shoulders, and laid
upon something ethically indifferent or simply natural."[27.10]
The view presented by Jesus of His disciple's
fall cannot therefore be charged with weakening the sense of responsibility; on
the contrary, it is a view tending at once to inspire hatred of sin and hope
for the sinner. It exhibits sin about to be committed as an object of fear and
abhorrence; and, already committed, as not only forgivable, being repented of,
but as capable of being made serviceable to spiritual progress. It says to us,
on the one hand, Trifle not with temptation, for Satan is near, seeking thy
soul's ruin,--"fear, and sin not;" and, on the other hand, "If any man sin, we
have an Advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ the righteous,"--despair not:
forsake thy sins, and thou shalt find mercy.