Page 87 Note 1 Lux Mundi, p. 59. J. S. Mill has said: "The reason, then, why Monotheism may be accepted as the representative of Theism in the abstract is not so much because it is the Theism of all the more improved portions of the human race, as because it is the only Theism which can claim for itself any footing on a scientific ground. Every other theory of the government of the universe by supernatural beings is inconsistent either with the carrying on of that government through a continual series of natural antecedents, according to fixed laws, or with the interdependence of each of these series upon all the rest, which are two of the most general results of science."--Three Essays on Religion, p. 133.
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Page 88 Note 1 See Note B.--Old Testament Monotheism.
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Page 88 Note 2 Cf. Naville's Modern Physics--"The Philosophy of the Founders of Modern Physics," pp. 151-243 (Eng. trans.); Fairbairn's Studies in the Phil. of Rel. and Hist--" Theism and Scientific Speculationi," pp. 66--71; and an article by Dr. Alex. Mair, on "The Contribution of Christianity to Science," in Presbyterian Review, Jan. 1888.
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Page 88 Note 3 So Mr. Spencer speaks of "the naturally-revealed end towards which the Power manifested throughout Evolution works."--Data of Ethics, p. 171.
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Page 89 Note 1 Unseen Universe, 5th ed., p. 88.
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Page 89 Note 2 First Principles, p. 123.
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Page 89 Note 3 Cf. Chapman's Pre-Organic Evolution, pp. 226, 227, 251, 282.
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Page 89 Note 4 First Principles, p. 109
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Page 90 Note 1 Prof. Seth has justly said: "Nothing can be more certain than that all philosophical explanation must be explanation of the lower by the higher, and not vice versa; and if self consciousness is the highest fact we know, then we are justified in using the conception of self-consciousness as our best key to the ultimate nature of existence as a whole."--Hegelianism and Personality, p. 89.
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Page 91 Note 1 Data of Ethics, p. 171.
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Page 2 Data of Ethics, p. 257.
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Page 3 Cf. article by Professor Laidlaw on "Modern Thought in relation to Christianity and the Christian Church," Presbyterian Review, 1885. p. 618.
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Page 4 Data of Ethics, pp. 253-257.
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Page 1 On this ambiguity in Hegel's doctrine, see Prof. Seth, Hegelianism and Personality, Lect. V.; and the criticism in Dorner, Person of Christ, v. pp 147--162 (Eng. trans.).
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Page 1 See Lecture II. p. 59. The Neo-Hegelian theory, however, is far from satisfactory from the point of view of Theism in other respects.
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Page 2 Outlines of the Phil. of Religion, p. 69 (Eng. trans.). See the whole discussion (chap. iv.), and the fuller treatment in the Microcosmus, ii. pp. 659-688. Lotze's closing words in the latter are: "Perfect Personality is in God only, to all finite minds there is allotted but a pale copy thereof: the finiteness of the finite is not a producing condition of this Personality, but a limit and a hindrance to its development." Cf. Ritsclhl, Recht. und Ver. iii. pp. 220 ff.
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Page 3 Idea of God, p. 117. Cf. the instructive treatment of this subject of Personality in Professor Iverach's Is God Knowable? pp. 7, 12--37, 223, 233.
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Page 94 Note 1 Kritik d. r. Vernunft, p. 416 (Eng. trans. p. 363).
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Page 94 Note 2 See an acute criticism of Kant's Theory of Knowledge in Stahlin's Kant, Lotze, und Ritschl, pp. 6-83 (Eng. trans.).
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Page 95 Note 1 Philosophy and Theology, p. 45. On the theistic proofs generally, and Kant's criticism of them, cf. Dr. J. Caird's Philosophy of Religion, pp. 133--159; Prof. E. Caird's Philosophy of Kant, ii. pp. 102-129; and Dr. Stirling's work cited above.
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Page 95 Note 2 Kritik, p. 431 (Eng. trans. p. 378). See Note C.--Kant on the Cosmological Argument.
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Page 95 Note 3 Kritik, p. 102 (Eng. trans. p. 68).
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Page 96 Note 1 Cf. Dr. Stirling, in Phil. and Theol. p. 126.
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Page 96 Note 2 Dr. Stirling says, replying to Hume: "No multiplication of pacts will make a whole potent if each part is impotent. You will hardly reach a valid conclusion where your every step is invalid.It as-ill be vain to extract one necessity out of a whole infinitude of contingencies. Nor is it at all possible for such infinitude of contingencies to be even conceivable by reason. It each link of the chain hangs on another, the whole will hang, and only hang, even in eternity, unsupported, hike some stark serpent, unless you find a hook for it. Add weakness to weakness, in any quantity, you will never make strength."--Phil. and Theol. p. 262.
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Page 97 Note 1 Cf. Caird, Phil. of Religion, p. 135.
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Page 97 Note 2 Der christ. Glaube, secs. 3 and 4.
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Page 98 Note 1 See Note D.--Kant on the Teleological Argument.
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Page 98 Note 2 Kritik, p. 436 (Eng. trans. 384).
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Page 98 Note 3 No recent school has done more to elaborate the proof of teleology in Nature than that from which the opposite might have been expected--the pessimistic school. Cf. Schopenhauer's Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung (Book ii. chap. 26, "On Teleology"), and Hartmann's Phil. d. Unbewussten, dassim.
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Page 99 Note 1 Thus, e.g., Strauss, Haeckel, Helmboltz, G. Romanes ("Physicus"). Helmboltz, as quoted by Strauss, says: "Darwin's theory shows bony adaptation of structure in organisms can originate without any intermixture of intelligence, through the blind operation of a natural law."--Der alte und der neue Glaube,p. 216. Mr. Romanes says: "If [plants and animals] were specially created, the evidence of supernatural design remains unrefuted and irrefutable, whereas if they were slowly evolved, that evidence has been utterly and for ever destroyed."--Organic Evolution, p. 13. On the bearings of evolution on design, and on the design argument generally in its present relations to science see Janet's Final Causes (Eng. trans.); Stirling's Philosophy und Theology Kennedy's Natural Theology and Modern Thought (1891); Row's Christian Theism (1890); Martineau's Study of Religion (i. pp. 270-333); Flint's Theism; Mivart's Lessons from Nature; Conder's Basis of Faith; Murphy's Habit und Intelligence; Ebrard's Christian Apologetics, ii. pp. 1-56 (Eng. trans.); Argyll's Reign of Law, etc. On Kant's views on evolution and on final causes as connected therewith, cf. Caird's Phil. of Kant, ii. 495-499.
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Page 99 Note 2 See Note E. --Schools of Evolutionists.
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Page 100 Note 1 Cf. Jevons, Principles of Science, ii. p. 462; J. S. Mill, Three Essays on Religion, p. 171. Mill concludes that "the adaptations in Nature afford a large balance of probability in favour of creation by intelligence,"-- Pg. 174.
See passages in Note E.
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Page 101 Note 1 Mr. Spencer shows that Natural Selection fails as an explanation in proportion as life grows complex. "As fast," he says, "as the faculties are multiplied, so fast does it become possible for the several members of a species to have various kinds' of superiority over one another. While one saves its life by higher speed, another does the like by clearer vision, another by keener scent, another by quicker bearing, another by greater strength, another by unusual power of enduring cold und hunger, another by special sagacity, another by special timidity, another by special courage, and others by other bodily and mental attributes. Now it is unquestionably true that, other things being equal, each of these attributes giving its possessor an extra chance of life, us likely to be transmitted to posterity. But there seems no reason to suppose that it will be increased in subsequent generations by natural selection. . . .If those members of the species which have but ordinary shares of it nevertheless survive by virtue of other superiorities which they severally possess, then it is not easy to see how this particular attribute can be developed by natural selection in subsequent generations," etc.--Principles of Biology, sec. 166. Cf. Alfred W. Bennett in Martineau's Study of Religion, i. 280--282.
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Page 101 Note 2 Cf. Dawson, Modern Ideas of Evolution, pp. 106, 107; The Chain of Life in Geol. Time, p. 229. "The progress of life," he says, "in geological time has not been uniform or uninterrupted. . . . Evolutionists themselves, those at least who are willing to allow their theory to be at all modified by facts, now perceive this; and hence we have the doctrine advanced by Mivart, Le Conte, and others, of 'critical periods,'- or periods of rapid evolution alternating with others of greater quiescence."--Mod. Ideas, pp. 106, 107. See in both works the examples given of this 'apparition of species.'
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Page 102 Note 1 Principal Shairp says: "To begin with the outward world, there is, I shall not say so much the mark of design on all outward things as an experience forced in upon the mind of the thoughtful naturalist that, penetrate unto nature wherever he may, thought has been there before him; that, to quote the words of one of the most distinguished, 'there is really a plan, which may he read in the relations which you and I, and all his-lining beings scattered over the surface of our earth, hold to each other.'"--Studies ins Poetry and Philosophy, p. 367. Cf. also on this aspect of the subject, M'Cosh, Method of Divine Government, pp. 75--151; and on the argument from Beauty and Sublimity in Nature, Kennedy's Natural Theology and Modern Thought, Lecture IV. (Donnellan Lectures).
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Page 102 Note 2 Cf. Lecture IV. on Creation. It may be asked, besides, if it is so certain, as Kant assumes, that only a finite power is needed to create--I do not say a universe, but even an atom; whether there are not finite effects, such as creation, to which only Omnipotence is competent. The point is not that it is an atom, but that it is created.
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Page 103 Note 1 Kritik, pp. 417--424 (Eng. trans. pp. 364--370). See Note F.--Kant on the Ontological Argument.
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Page 103 Note 2 Phil. and Theol. pp. 182--193.
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Page 105 Note 1 Prol. to Ethics, p. 23.
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Page 105 Note 2 See Note G.--Rational Realism.
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Page 106 Note 1 The Phil. Basis of theism, p.3; cf. pp. 82, 146, 560, etc.
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Page 106 Note 2 This is true of the lowest as well as of the highest religions,--cf. Waitz on The religion of the Negroes, in Max Muller's Hibbert Lectures, pp. 106, 107,--but is much more conspicuous in the oldest forms of natural religion, e.g. in the Vedic, Babylonian, and Egyptian religions. On the general facts, cf. Max Muller's works, Revelle's Hist. of Religions, Sayce's Hibbert Lectures on The Religion of Ancient Egypt, Fairbairn's Studies, Loring Brace's The Unknown God, Pressense's The Ancient World and Christianity (Eng. trans.), etc.; and see Note F. to Lecture V.
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Page 106 Note 3 Rom. i. 20.
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Page 107 Note 1 Wordsworth's Tintern Abbey.
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