"Being justified freely by His grace"
(Rom. 3:24); "being now justified by His blood" (Rom. 5:9); "being now
justified by faith" (Rom. 5:1). A full exposition of the doctrine of
justification requires that each of these propositions should be interpreted in
their Scriptural sense, and that they be combined together in their true
relations as to form one harmonious whole. Unless these three propositions be
carefully distinguished there is sure to be confusion; unless all the three are
steadily borne in mind we are sure to land in error. Each must be given its due
weight, yet none must be understood in such a way as to make its force annul
that of the others. Nor is this by any means a simple task, in fact none but a
real teacher (that is, a spiritual theologian) who has devoted a lifetime to
the undivided study of Scriptures is qualified for it.
"The righteousness of God which is by
faith of Jesus Christ" (Rom. 3:22); "A man is justified by faith
without the deeds of the law" (Rom. 3:28); "even we have believed in Jesus
Christ, that we might be justified by the faith of Christ, and not by
the works of the law" (Gal. 2:16). What is the precise place and influence
which faith has in the important affairs of justification? What is the exact
nature or character of justifying faith? In what particular sense are we to
understand this proposition that we are "justified by faith"? and what
is the connection between that proposition and the postulates that we are
"justified by grace" and "justified by Christ's blood"?
These are matters which call for the utmost care. The nature of justifying
faith requires to be closely defined so that its particular agency is correctly
viewed, for it is easy to make a mistake here to the prejudice of Christ's
honour and glory, which must not be given to another--no, not to faith
itself.
Many would-be teachers have erred at this point,
for the common tendency of human nature is to arrogate to itself the glory
which belongs alone to God. While there have been those who rejected the
unscriptural notion that we can be justified before God by our own works, yet
not a few of these very men virtually make a saviour of their own faith. Not
only have some spoken of faith as though it were a contribution which God
requires the sinner to make toward his own salvation--the last mite which was
necessary to make up the price of his redemption; but others (who sneered at
theologians and boasted of their superior understanding of the things of God)
have insisted that faith itself is what constitutes us righteous before God, He
regarding faith as righteousness.
A deplorable example of what we have just
mentioned is to be found in the comments made upon Romans 4 by Mr. J.N. Darby,
the father of the Plymouth Brethren: "This was Abraham's faith. He believed the
promise that he should be the father of many nations, because God had spoken,
counting on the power of God, thus glorifying Him, without calling in question
anything that He had said by looking at circumstances; therefore this
also was counted to him for righteousness. He glorified God according to
what God was. Now this was not written for his sake alone: the same
faith shall be imputed to us also for righteousness" ("Synopsis"
vol. 4, p. 133--italics ours). The Christ-dishonouring error contained in those
statements will be exposed later on in this chapter.
"How doth faith justify a sinner in the sight of
God? Answer: Faith justifies a sinner in the sight of God, not because of those
other graces which do always accompany it, nor of good works that are the
fruits of it, nor as if the grace of faith, or any act thereof, were imputed to
him for justification; but only as it is an instrument by which he
receiveth and applieth Christ and His righteousness" (Westminster Confession of
Faith). Though this definition was framed upwards of two hundred and fifty
years ago, it is far superior to almost anything found in current literature on
the subject. It is more accurate to speak of faith as the "instrument" rather
than as the condition, for a "condition" is generally used to signify
that for the sake whereof a benefit is conferred. Faith is neither the ground
nor the substance of our justification, but simply the hand which
receives the Divine gift proffered to us in the Gospel.
What is the precise place and influence which
faith has in the important affair of justification? Romanist answer, It
justifies us formally, not relatively: that is, upon the account of its
own intrinsic value. They point out that faith is never alone, but "worketh by
love" (Gal 5:6), and therefore its own excellency merits acceptance at God's
hand. But the faith of the best is weak and deficient (Luke 17:5), and so could
never satisfy the law, which requires a flawless perfection. If righteousness
was given as a reward for faith, its possessor would have cause for boasting,
expressly contrary to the Apostle in Romans 3:26, 27. Moreover, such a method
of justification would entirely frustrate the life and death of Christ, making
His great sacrifice unnecessary. It is not faith as a spiritual grace
which justifies us, but as an instrument--the hand which lays hold of
Christ.
In connection with justification, faith is
not to be considered as a virtuous exercise of the heart, nor as a
principle of holy obedience: "Because faith, as concerned in our justification,
does not regard Christ as King, enacting laws, requiring obedience, and
subduing depravity; but as a Substitute, answering the requirements of the
Divine Law, and as a Priest expiating sin by His own death on the cross. Hence,
in justification we read of `precious faith... through the righteousness of God
and our Saviour Jesus Christ' (2 Peter 1:1) and of `faith in His blood' (Rom.
3:25), and believers are described as `receiving the atonement' and
`receiving the gift of righteousness' (Rom. 5:11, 17). Therefore it is
evident that faith is represented as having an immediate regard to the
vicarious work of Christ, and that it is considered not under the notion
of exercising virtue or of performing a duty, but of receiving a free gift" (A.
Booth).
What is the relation of faith to justification?
The Arminian answer to the question, refined somewhat by the Plymouth Brethren,
is, that the act of believing is imputed to us for righteousness. One
error leads to another. Mr. Darby denied that Gentiles were ever under the law,
hence he denied also that Christ obeyed the law in His people's stead, and
therefore as Christ's vicarious obedience is not reckoned to their account, he
had to seek elsewhere for their righteousness. This he claimed to find in the
Christian's own faith, insisting that their act of believing is imputed to them
"for righteousness." To give his theory respectability, he clothed it in the
language of several expressions found in Romans 4, though he knew quite well
that the Greek afforded no foundation whatever for that which he built upon
it.
In Romans 4 we read "his faith is counted for
righteousness" (v. 5), "faith was reckoned to Abraham for
righteousness" (v. 9), "it was imputed to him for righteousness" (v.
22). Now in each of these verses the Greek preposition is "eis" which
never means "in the stead of," but always signifies "towards, in order
to, with a view to": it has the uniform force of "unto." Its exact meaning and
force is unequivocally plain in Romans 10:10, "with the heart man believeth
unto ("eis") righteousness": that is, the believing heart reaches out
toward and lays hold of Christ Himself. "This passage (Rom. 10:10) may help us
to understand what justification by faith is, for it shows that righteousness
there comes to us when we embrace God's goodness offered to us in the Gospel.
We are then, for this reason, made just: because we believe that God is
propitious to us through Christ" (J. Calvin).
The Holy Spirit has used the Greek prepositions
with unerring precision. Never do we find Him employing "eis" in connection
with Christ's satisfaction and sacrifice in our room and stead, but only "anti"
or "huper," which means in lieu of. On the other hand, "anti" and
"huper" are never used in connection with our believing, for faith is
not accepted by God in lieu of perfect obedience. Faith must either
be the ground of our acceptance with God, or the means or instrument of our
becoming interested in the true meritorious ground, namely, the righteousness
of Christ; it cannot stand in both relations to our
justification. "God justifieth, not by imputing faith itself, the act of
believing, but by imputing the obedience and satisfaction of Christ"
(Westminster Catechism).
That faith itself cannot be the substance or
ground of our justification is clear from many considerations. The
"righteousness of God (i.e., the satisfaction which Christ rendered to the law)
is revealed to faith" (Rom. 1:17) and so cannot be faith itself. Romans
10:10 declares "with the heart man believeth unto righteousness" so that
righteousness must be a distinct thing from believing. In Jeremiah 23:6 we read
"The LORD our righteousness," so faith cannot be our righteousness. Let not
Christ be dethroned in order to exalt faith: set not the servant above the
master. "We acknowledge no righteousness but what the obedience and
satisfaction of Christ yields us: His blood, not our faith; His satisfaction,
not our believing it, is the matter of justification before God" (J. Flavel).
What alterations are there in our faith! what minglings of unbelief at all
times! Is this a foundation to build our justification and hope upon?
Perhaps some will say, Are not the words of
Scripture expressly on Mr. Darby's side? Does not Romans 4:5 affirm "faith is
counted for righteousness"? We answer, Is the sense of Scripture on his
side? Suppose I should undertake to prove that David was cleansed from guilt by
the "hyssop" which grows on the wall: that would sound ridiculous. Yes;
nevertheless, I should have the express words of Scripture to support
me: "Purge me with hyssop, and I shall be clean" (Psa. 51:7). Yet clear
as those words read, they would not afford me the least countenance imaginable
from the sense and spirit of God's Word. Has the hyssop--a
worthless shrub--any kind of fitness to stand in the stead of the sacrificial
blood, and make an atonement for sin? No more fitness has faith to stand
in the stead of Christ's perfect obedience, to act as our justifying
righteousness, or procure our acceptance with God!
An apology is really due many of our readers, for
wasting their time with such puerilities, but we ask them to kindly bear with
us. We hope it may please God to use this article to expose one of Darby's many
grievous errors. For "grievous" this error most certainly is. His
teaching that the Christian's faith, instead of the vicarious obedience of
Christ, is reckoned for righteousness (Mr. W. Kelly, his chief lieutenant,
wrote "his [Abraham's] faith in God's word as that which he exercised and which
was accounted as righteousness"--see article 5) makes God guilty of a
downright lie, for it represents Him as giving to faith a fictitious
value--the believer has no righteousness, so God regards his poor faith
as "righteousness."
"And he believed in the LORD; and He counted it
to him for righteousness" (Gen. 15:6). The one point to be decided here is: was
it Abraham's faith itself which was in God's account taken for righteousness
(horrible idea!), or, was it the righteousness of God in Christ which Abraham's
faith prospectively laid hold of? The comments of the Apostle in Romans 4:18-22
settle the point decisively. In these verses Paul emphasizes the natural
impossibilities which stood in the way of God's promise of a numerous offspring
to Abraham being fulfilled (the genital deadness both of his own body and
Sarah's), and on the implicit confidence he had (notwithstanding the
difficulties) in the power and faithfulness of God that He would perform
what He promised. Hence, when the Apostle adds, "Therefore it was imputed to
him for righteousness" (v. 22), that "therefore" can only mean: Because through
faith he completely lost sight of nature and self, and realized with
undoubting assurance the sufficiency of the Divine arm, and the certainty of
its working.
Abraham's faith, dear reader, was nothing more
and nothing else than the renunciation of all virtue and strength in
himself, and a hanging in childlike trust upon God for what He was
able and willing to do. Far, very far, indeed, was his faith from being a mere
substitute for a "righteousness" which he lacked. Far, very far was God from
accepting his faith in lieu of a perfect obedience to His Law. Rather was
Abraham's faith the acting of a soul which found its life, its hope, its
all in the Lord Himself. And that is what justifying faith is: it
is "simply the instrument by which Christ and His righteousness are received in
order to justification. It is emptiness filled with Christ's fulness; impotency
lying down upon Christ's strength" (J.L. Girardeau).
"The
best obedience of my hands
Dares not appear before Thy throne;
But faith can answer Thy demands,
By pleading what my Lord has done."
What is the relation of faith to
justification? Antinomians and hyper-Calvinists answer, Merely that of comfort
or assurance. Their theory is that the elect were actually justified by God
before the foundation of the world, and all that faith does now is to make this
manifest in their conscience. This error was advocated by such men as W.
Gadsby, J. Irons, James Wells, J.C. Philpot. That it originated not with these
men is clear from the fact that the Puritans refuted it in their day. "By faith
alone we obtain and receive the forgiveness of sins; for notwithstanding any
antecedent act of God concerning us in and for Christ, we do not actually
receive a complete soul-freeing discharge until we believe" (J. Owen). "It
is vain to say I am justified only in respect to the court of mine own
conscience. The faith that Paul and the other Apostles were justified by, was
their believing on Christ that they might be justified (Gal. 2:15, 16),
and not a believing they were justified already; and therefore it was not an
act of assurance" (T. Goodwin, vol. 8).
How are we justified by faith? Having
given a threefold negative answer: not by faith as a joint cause with works
(Romanists), not by faith as an act of grace in us (Arminians), not by faith as
it receives the Spirit's witness (Antinomians); we now turn to the positive
answer. Faith justifies only as an instrument which God has appointed to the
apprehension and application of Christ's righteousness. When we say that faith
is the "instrument" of our justification, let it be clearly understood that we
do not mean faith is the instrument wherewith God justifies, but the
instrument whereby we receive Christ. Christ has merited righteousness
for us, and faith in Christ is that which renders it meet in God's sight the
purchased blessing be assigned. Faith unites to Christ, and being united
to Him we are possessed of all that is in Christ, so far as is consistent with
our capacity of receiving and God's appointment in giving. Having been made one
with Christ in spirit, God now considers us as one with Him in law.
We are justified by faith, and not for
faith; not because of what faith is, but because of what it
receives. "It hath no efficacy of itself, but as it is the band of our
union with Christ. The whole virtue of cleansing proceeds from Christ the
object. We receive the water with our hands, but the cleansing virtue is not in
our hands, but in the water, yet the water cannot cleanse us without our
receiving it; our receiving it unites the water to us, and is a means whereby
we are cleansed. And therefore is it observed that our justification by faith
is always expressed in the passive, not in the active: we are
justified by faith, not that faith justifies us. The efficacy is
in Christ's blood; the reception of it is in our faith" (S. Charnock).
Scripture knows no such thing as a justified
unbeliever. There is nothing meritorious about believing, yet it is necessary
in order to justification. It is not only the righteousness of Christ as
imputed which justifies, but also as received (Rom. 5:11, 17). The
righteousness of Christ is not mine until I accept it as the Father's gift.
"The believing sinner is `justified by faith' only instrumentally, as he `lives
by eating' only instrumentally. Eating is the particular act by which he
receives and appropriates food. Strictly speaking, he lives by bread alone, not
by eating, or the act of masticating. And, strictly speaking, the sinner is
justified by Christ's sacrifice alone, not by his act of believing in it" (W.
Shedd). In the application of justification faith is not a builder, but a
beholder; not an agent, but an instrument; it has nothing to do, but all to
believe; nothing to give, but all to receive.
God has not selected faith to be the instrument
of justification because there is some peculiar virtue in faith, but rather
because there is no merit in it: faith is self-emptying--"Therefore it
is of faith that it might be by grace" (Rom. 4:16). A gift is seen to be
a gift when nothing is required or accepted of the recipient, but simply that
he receive it. Whatever other properties faith may possess, it is simply
as receiving Christ that it justifies. Were we said to be justified by
repentance, by love, or by any other spiritual grace, it would convey the idea
of something good in us being the consideration on which the blessing was
bestowed; but justification by faith (correctly understood) conveys no
such idea.
"Faith justifies in no other way than as it
introduces us into a participation of the righteousness of Christ" (J. Calvin).
Justifying faith is a looking away from self, a renouncing of my own
righteousness, a laying hold of Christ. Justifying faith consists, first, of a
knowledge and belief of the truth revealed in Scripture thereon; second, in an
abandonment of all pretense, claim or confidence in our own righteousness;
third, in a trust in and reliance upon the righteousness of Christ, laying hold
of the blessing which He purchased for us. It is the heart's approval and
approbation of the method of justification proposed in the Gospel: by Christ
alone, proceeding from the pure grace of God, and excluding all human merits.
"In the LORD have I righteousness and strength" (Isa. 45:24).
None will experimentally appreciate the
righteousness of Christ until they have been experimentally stripped by the
Spirit. Not until the Lord puts us in the fire and burns off our filthy rags,
and makes us stand naked before Him, trembling from head to foot as we view the
sword of His justice suspended over our heads, will any truly value "the best
robe." Not until the condemning sentence of the law has been applied by the
Spirit to the conscience does the guilty soul cry, "Lost, lost!" (Rom. 7:9,
10). Not until there is a personal apprehension of the requirements of God's
Law, a feeling sense of our total inability to perform its righteous demands,
and an honest realization that God would be just in banishing us from His
presence forever, is the necessity for a precious Christ perceived by the
soul.