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Question: 8 [<< | >>]
We must now consider the minister of confession, under which head there
are seven points of inquiry:
(1) Whether it is necessary to confess to a priest?
(2) Whether it is ever lawful to confess to another than a priest?
(3) Whether outside a case of necessity one who is not a priest can hear
the confession of venial sins?
(4) Whether it is necessary for a man to confess to his own priest?
(5) Whether it is lawful for anyone to confess to another than his own
priest, in virtue of a privilege or of the command of a superior?
(6) Whether a penitent, in danger of death can be absolved by any priest?
(7) Whether the temporal punishment should be enjoined in proportion to
the sin?
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Question: 8 [<< | >>]
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Objection 1: It would seem that it is not necessary to confess to a priest.
For we are not bound to confession, except in virtue of its Divine
institution. Now its Divine institution is made known to us (@James 5:16):
"Confess your sins, one to another," where there is no mention of a
priest. Therefore it is not necessary to confess to a priest.
Objection 2: Further, Penance is a necessary sacrament, as is also Baptism.
But any man is the minister of Baptism, on account of its necessity.
Therefore any man is the minister of Penance. Now confession should be
made to the minister of Penance. Therefore it suffices to confess to
anyone.
Objection 3: Further, confession is necessary in order that the measure of
satisfaction should be imposed on the penitent. Now, sometimes another
than a priest might be more discreet than many priests are in imposing
the measure of satisfaction on the penitent. Therefore it is not
necessary to confess to a priest.
Objection 4: Further, confession was instituted in the Church in order that
the rectors might know their sheep by sight. But sometimes a rector or
prelate is not a priest. Therefore confession should not always be made
to a priest.
On the contrary, The absolution of the penitent, for the sake of which
he makes his confession, is imparted by none but priests to whom the keys
are intrusted. Therefore confession should be made to a priest.
Further, confession is foreshadowed in the raising of the dead Lazarus
to life. Now our Lord commanded none but the disciples to loose Lazarus
(@Jn. 11:44). Therefore confession should be made to a priest.
I answer that, The grace which is given in the sacraments, descends from
the Head to the members. Wherefore he alone who exercises a ministry over
Christ's true body is a minister of the sacraments, wherein grace is
given; and this belongs to a priest alone, who can consecrate the
Eucharist. Therefore, since grace is given in the sacrament of Penance,
none but a priest is the minister of the sacrament: and consequently
sacramental confession which should be made to a minister of the Church,
should be made to none but a priest.
Reply to Objection 1: James speaks on the presupposition of the Divine
institutions: and since confession had already been prescribed by God to
be made to a priest, in that He empowered them, in the person of the
apostles, to forgive sins, as related in Jn. 20:23, we must take the
words of James as conveying an admonishment to confess to priests.
Reply to Objection 2: Baptism is a sacrament of greater necessity than Penance,
as regards confession and absolution, because sometimes Baptism cannot be
omitted without loss of eternal salvation, as in the case of children who
have not come to the use of reason: whereas this cannot be said of
confession and absolution, which regard none but adults, in whom
contrition, together with the purpose of confessing and the desire of
absolution, suffices to deliver them from everlasting death. Consequently
there is no parity between Baptism and confession.
Reply to Objection 3: In satisfaction we must consider not only the quantity of
the punishment but also its power, inasmuch as it is part of a sacrament.
In this way it requires a dispenser of the sacraments, though the
quantity of the punishment may be fixed by another than a priest.
Reply to Objection 4: It may be necessary for two reasons to know the sheep by
sight. First, in order to register them as members of Christ's flock, and
to know the sheep by sight thus belongs to the pastoral charge and care,
which is sometimes the duty of those who are not priests. Secondly, that
they may be provided with suitable remedies for their health; and to know
the sheep by sight thus belongs to the man, i.e. the priest, whose
business it is to provide remedies conducive to health, such as the
sacrament of the Eucharist, and other like things. It is to this
knowledge of the sheep that confession is ordained.
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Question: 8 [<< | >>]
Article: 2 [<< | >>]
Objection 1: It would seem that it is never lawful to confess to another than
a priest. For confession is a sacramental accusation, as appears from the
definition given above (Question [7], Article [1]). But the dispensing of a sacrament
belongs to none but the minister of a sacrament. Since then the proper
minister of Penance is a priest, it seems that confession should be made
to no one else.
Objection 2: Further, in every court of justice confession is ordained to the
sentence. Now in a disputed case the sentence is void if pronounced by
another than the proper judge; so that confession should be made to none
but a judge. But, in the court of conscience, the judge is none but a
priest, who has the power of binding and loosing. Therefore confession
should be made to no one else.
Objection 3: Further, in the case of Baptism, since anyone can baptize, if a
layman has baptized, even without necessity, the Baptism should not be
repeated by a priest. But if anyone confess to a layman in a case of
necessity, he is bound to repeat his confession to a priest, when the
cause for urgency has passed. Therefore confession should not be made to
a layman in a case of necessity.
On the contrary, is the authority of the text (Sent. iv, D, 17).
I answer that, Just as Baptism is a necessary sacrament, so is Penance.
And Baptism, through being a necessary sacrament has a twofold minister:
one whose duty it is to baptize, in virtue of his office, viz. the
priest, and another, to whom the conferring of Baptism is committed, in a
case of necessity. In like manner the minister of Penance, to whom, in
virtue of his office, confession should be made, is a priest; but in a
case of necessity even a layman may take the place of a priest, and hear
a person's confession.
Reply to Objection 1: In the sacrament of Penance there is not only something on
the part of the minister, viz. the absolution and imposition of
satisfaction, but also something on the part of the recipient, which is
also essential to the sacrament, viz. contrition and confession. Now
satisfaction originates from the minister in so far as he enjoins it, and
from the penitent who fulfills it; and, for the fulness of the sacrament,
both these things should concur when possible. But when there is reason
for urgency, the penitent should fulfill his own part, by being contrite
and confessing to whom he can; and although this person cannot perfect
the sacrament, so as to fulfill the part of the priest by giving
absolution, yet this defect is supplied by the High Priest. Nevertheless
confession made to a layman, through lack* of a priest, is
quasi-sacramental, although it is not a perfect sacrament, on account of
the absence of the part which belongs to the priest. [*Here and in the
Reply to Objection [2] the Leonine edition reads "through desire for a priest".]
Reply to Objection 2: Although a layman is not the judge of the person who
confesses to him, yet, on account of the urgency, he does take the place
of a judge over him, absolutely speaking, in so far as the penitent
submits to him, through lack of a priest.
Reply to Objection 3: By means of the sacraments man must needs be reconciled not
only to God, but also to the Church. Now he cannot be reconciled to the
Church, unless the hallowing of the Church reach him. In Baptism the
hallowing of the Church reaches a man through the element itself applied
externally, which is sanctified by "the word of life" (@Eph. 5:26), by
whomsoever it is conferred: and so when once a man has been baptized, no
matter by whom, he must not be baptized again. On the other hand, in
Penance the hallowing of the Church reaches man by the minister alone,
because in that sacrament there is no bodily element applied externally,
through the hallowing of which grace may be conferred. Consequently
although the man who, in a case of necessity, has confessed to a layman,
has received forgiveness from God, for the reason that he fulfilled, so
far as he could, the purpose which he conceived in accordance with God's
command, he is not yet reconciled to the Church, so as to be admitted to
the sacraments, unless he first be absolved by a priest, even as he who
has received the Baptism of desire, is not admitted to the Eucharist.
Wherefore he must confess again to a priest, as soon as there is one at
hand, and the more so since, as stated above (ad 1), the sacrament of
Penance was not perfected, and so it needs yet to be perfected, in order
that by receiving the sacrament, the penitent may receive a more
plentiful effect, and that he may fulfill the commandment about receiving
the sacrament of Penance.
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Question: 8 [<< | >>]
Article: 3 [<< | >>]
Objection 1: It would seem that, outside a case of necessity, no one but a
priest may hear the confession of venial sins. For the dispensation of a
sacrament is committed to a layman by reason of necessity. But the
confession of venial sins is not necessary. Therefore it is not committed
to a layman.
Objection 2: Further, Extreme Unction is ordained against venial sin, just as
Penance is. But the former may not be given by a layman, as appears from
James 5:14. Therefore neither can the confession of venial sins be made
to a layman.
On the contrary, is the authority of Bede (on James 5:16, "Confess . . .
one to another") quoted in the text (Sent. iv, D, 17).
I answer that, By venial sin man is separated neither from God nor from
the sacraments of the Church: wherefore he does not need to receive any
further grace for the forgiveness of such a sin, nor does he need to be
reconciled to the Church. Consequently a man does not need to confess his
venial sins to a priest. And since confession made to a layman is a
sacramental, although it is not a perfect sacrament, and since it
proceeds from charity, it has a natural aptitude to remit sins, just as
the beating of one's breast, or the sprinkling of holy water (cf. TP,
Question [87], Article [3]).
This suffices for the Reply to the First Objection, because there is no
need to receive a sacrament for the forgiveness of venial sins. and a
sacramental, such as holy water or the like, suffices for the purpose.
Reply to Objection 2: Extreme Unction is not given directly as a remedy for
venial sin, nor is any other sacrament.
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Question: 8 [<< | >>]
Article: 4 [<< | >>]
Objection 1: It would seem that it is nol necessary to confess to one's own
priest. For Gregory [*Cf. Can. Ex auctoritate xvi, Question [1]] says: "By our
apostolic authority and in discharge of our solicitude we have decreed
that priests, who as monks imitate the ex. ample of the apostles, may
preach, baptize, give communion, pray for sinners, impose penances, and
absolve from sins." Now monks are not the proper priests of anyone, since
they have not the care of souls. Since, therefore confession is made for
the sake of absolution it suffices for it to be made to any priest.
Objection 2: Further, the minister of this sacrament is a priest, as also of
the Eucharist. But any priest can perform the Eucharist. Therefore any
priest can administer the sacrament of Penance. Therefore there is no
need to confess to one's own priest.
Objection 3: Further, when we are bound to one thing in particular it is not
left to our choice. But the choice of a discreet priest is left to us as
appears from the authority of Augustine quoted in the text (Sent. ix, D,
17): for he says in De vera et falsa Poenitentia [*Work of an unknown
author]: "He who wishes to confess his sins, in order to find grace, must
seek a priest who knows how to loose and to bind." Therefore it seems
unnecessary to confess to one's own priest.
Objection 4: Further, there are some, such as prelates, who seem to have no
priest of their own, since they have no superior: yet they are bound to
confession. Therefore a man is not always bound to confess to his own
priest.
Objection 5: Further, "That which is instituted for the sake of charity, does
not militate against charity," as Bernard observes (De Praecept. et
Dispens. ii). Now confession, which was instituted for the sake of
charity, would militate against charity, if a man were bound to confess
to any particular priest: e.g. if the sinner know that his own priest is
a heretic, or a man of evil influence, or weak and prone to the very sin
that he wishes to confess to him, or reasonably suspected of breaking the
seal of confession, or if the penitent has to confess a sin committed
against his confessor. Therefore it seems that one need not always
confess to one's own priest.
Objection 6: Further, men should not be straitened in matters necessary for
salvation, lest they be hindered in the way of salvation. But it seems a
great inconvenience to be bound of necessity to confess to one particular
man, and many might be hindered from going to confession, through either
fear, shame, or something else of the kind. Therefore, since confession
is necessary for salvation, men should not be straitened, as apparently
they would be, by having to confess to their own priest.
On the contrary, stands a decree of Pope Innocent III in the Fourth
Lateran Council (Can. 21), who appointed "all of either sex to confess
once a year to their own priest."
Further, as a bishop is to his diocese, so is a priest to his parish.
Now it is unlawful, according to canon law (Can. Nullus primas ix, Question [2]; Can. Si quis episcoporum xvi, Question [5]), for a bishop to exercise the
episcopal office in another diocese. Therefore it is not lawful for one
priest to hear the confession of another's parishioner.
I answer that, The other sacraments do not consist in an action of the
recipient, but only in his receiving something, as is evident with regard
to Baptism and so forth. though the action of the recipient is required
as removing an obstacle, i.e. insincerity, in order that he may receive
the benefit of the sacrament, if he has come to the use of his free-will.
On the other hand, the action of the man who approaches the sacrament of
Penance is essential to the sacrament, since contrition, confession, and
satisfaction, which are acts of the penitent, are parts of Penance. Now
our actions, since they have their origin in us, cannot be dispensed by
others, except through their command. Hence whoever is appointed a
dispenser of this sacrament, must be such as to be able to command
something to be done. Now a man is not competent to command another
unless he have jurisdiction over him. Consequently it is essential to
this sacrament, not only for the minister to be in orders, as in the case
of the other sacraments, but also for him to have jurisdiction: wherefore
he that has no jurisdiction cannot administer this sacrament any more
than one who is not a priest. Therefore confession should be made not
only to a priest, but to one's own priest; for since a priest does not
absolve a man except by binding him to do something, he alone can
absolve, who, by his command, can bind the penitent to do something.
Reply to Objection 1: Gregory is speaking of those monks who have jurisdiction,
through having charge of a parish; about whom some had maintained that
from the very fact that they were monks, they could not absolve or impose
penance, which is false.
Reply to Objection 2: The sacrament of the Eucharist does not require the power
of command over a man, whereas this sacrament does, as stated above: and
so the argument proves nothing. Nevertheless it is not lawful to receive
the Eucharist from another than one's own priest, although it is a real
sacrament that one receives from another.
Reply to Objection 3: The choice of a discreet priest is not left to us in such a
way that we can do just as we like; but it is left to the permission of a
higher authority, if perchance one's own priest happens to be less
suitable for applying a salutary remedy to our sins.
Reply to Objection 4: Since it is the duty of prelates to dispense the
sacraments, which the clean alone should handle, they are allowed by law
(De Poenit. et Remiss., Cap. Ne pro dilatione) to choose a priest for
their confessor; who in this respect is the prelate's superior; even as
one physician is cured by another, not as a physician but as a patient.
Reply to Objection 5: In those cases wherein the penitent has reason to fear some
harm to himself or to the priest by reason of his confessing to him, he
should have recourse to the higher authority, or ask permission of the
priest himself to confess to another; and if he fails to obtain
permission, the case is to be decided as for a man who has no priest at
hand; so that he should rather choose a layman and confess to him. Nor
does he disobey the law of the Church by so doing, because the precepts
of positive law do not extend beyond the intention of the lawgiver, which
is the end of the precept, and in this case, is charity, according to the
Apostle (@1 Tim. 1:5). Nor is any slur cast on the priest, for he deserves
to forfeit his privilege, for abusing the power intrusted to him.
Reply to Objection 6: The necessity of confessing to one's own priest does not
straiten the way of salvation, but determines it sufficiently. A priest,
however, would sin if he were not easy in giving permission to confess to
another, because many are so weak that they would rather die without
confession than confess to such a priest. Wherefore those priests who are
too anxious to probe the consciences of their subjects by means of
confession, lay a snare of damnation for many, and consequently for
themselves.
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Question: 8 [<< | >>]
Article: 5 [<< | >>]
Objection 1: It would seem that it is not lawful for anyone to confess to
another than his own priest, even in virtue of a privilege or command
given by a superior. For no privilege should be given that wrongs a third
party. Now it would be prejudicial to the subject's own priest, if he
were to confess to another. Therefore this cannot be allowed by a
superior's privilege, permission, or command.
Objection 2: Further, that which hinders the observance of a Divine command
cannot be the subject of a command or privilege given by man. Now it is a
Divine command to the rectors of churches to "know the countenance of
their own cattle" (@Prov. 27:23); and this is hindered if another than the
rector hear the confession of his subjects. Therefore this cannot be
prescribed by any human privilege or command.
Objection 3: Further, he that hears another's confession is the latter's own
judge, else he could not bind or loose him. Now one man cannot have
several priests or judges of his own, for then he would be bound to obey
several men, which would be impossible, if their commands were contrary
or incompatible. Therefore one may not confess to another than one's own
priest, even with the superior's permission.
Objection 4: Further, it is derogatory to a sacrament, or at least useless, to
repeat a sacrament over the same matter. But he who has confessed to
another priest, is bound to confess again to his own priest, if the
latter requires him to do so, because he is not absolved from his
obedience, whereby he is bound to him in this respect. Therefore it
cannot be lawful for anyone to confess to another than his own priest.
On the contrary, He that can perform the actions of an order can depute
the exercise thereof to anyone who has the same order. Now a superior,
such as a bishop, can hear the confession of anyone belonging to a
priest's parish, for sometimes he reserves certain cases to himself,
since he is the chief rector. Therefore he can also depute another priest
to hear that man.
Further, a superior can do whatever his subject can do. But the priest
himself can give his parishioner permission to confess to another. Much
more, therefore, can his superior do this.
Further, the power which a priest has among his people, comes to him
from the bishop. Now it is through that power that he can hear
confessions. Therefore, in like manner, another can do so, to whom the
bishop gives the same power.
I answer that, A priest may be hindered in two ways from hearing a man's
confession: first, through lack of jurisdiction; secondly, through being
prevented from exercising his order, as those who are excommunicate,
degraded, and so forth. Now whoever has jurisdiction, can depute to
another whatever comes under his jurisdiction; so that if a priest is
hindered from hearing a man's confession through want of jurisdiction,
anyone who has immediate jurisdiction over that man, priest, bishop, or
Pope, can depute that priest to hear his confession and absolve him. If,
on the other hand, the priest cannot hear the confession, on account of
an impediment to the exercise of his order, anyone who has the power to
remove that impediment can permit him to hear confessions.
Reply to Objection 1: No wrong is done to a person unless what is taken away from
him was granted for his own benefit. Now the power of jurisdiction is not
granted a man for his own benefit, but for the good of the people and for
the glory of God. Wherefore if the higher prelates deem it expedient for
the furthering of the people's salvation and God's glory, to commit
matters of jurisdiction to others, no wrong is done to the inferior
prelates, except to those who "seek the things that are their own; not
the things that are Jesus Christ's" (@Phil. 2:21), and who rule their
flock, not by feeding it, but by feeding on it.
Reply to Objection 2: The rector of a church should "know the countenance of his
own cattle" in two ways. First, by an assiduous attention to their
external conduct, so as to watch over the flock committed to his care:
and in acquiring this knowledge he should not believe his subject, but,
as far as possible, inquire into the truth of facts. Secondly, by the
manifestation of confession; and with regard to this knowledge, he cannot
arrive at any greater certainty than by believing his subject, because
this is necessary that he may help his subject's conscience. Consequently
in the tribunal of confession, the penitent is believed whether he speak
for himself or against himself, but not in the court of external
judgment: wherefore it suffices for this knowledge that he believe the
penitent when he says that he has confessed to one who could absolve him.
It is therefore clear that this knowledge of the flock is not hindered by
a privilege granted to another to hear confessions.
Reply to Objection 3: It would be inconvenient, if two men were placed equally
over the same people, but there is no inconvenience if over the same
people two are placed one of whom is over the other. In this way the
parish priest, the bishop, and the Pope are placed immediately over the
same people, and each of them can commit matters of jurisdiction to some
other. Now a higher superior delegates a man in two ways: first, so that
the latter takes the superior's place, as when the Pope or a bishop
appoints his penitentiaries; and then the man thus delegated is higher
than the inferior prelate, as the Pope's penitentiary is higher than a
bishop, and the bishop's penitentiary than a parish priest, and the
penitent is bound to obey the former rather than the latter. Secondly, so
that the delegate is appointed the coadjutor of this other priest; and
since a co-adjutor is subordinate to the person he is appointed to help,
he holds a lower rank, and the penitent is not so bound to obey him as
his own priest.
Reply to Objection 4: No man is bound to confess sins that he has no longer.
Consequently, if a man has confessed to the bishop's penitentiary, or to
someone else having faculties from the bishop, his sins are forgiven both
before the Church and before God, so that he is not bound to confess them
to his own priest, however much the latter may insist: but on account of
the Ecclesiastical precept (De Poenit. et Remiss., Cap. Omnis utriusque)
which prescribes confession to be made once a year to one's own priest,
he is under the same obligation as one who has committed none but venial
sins. For such a one, according to some, is bound to confess none but
venial sins, or he must declare that he is free from mortal sin, and the
priest, in the tribunal of conscience, ought, and is bound, to believe
him. If, however, he were bound to confess again, his first confession
would not be useless, because the more priests one confesses to, the more
is the punishment remitted, both by reason of the shame in confessing,
which is reckoned as a satisfactory punishment, and by reason of the
power of the keys: so that one might confess so often as to be delivered
from all punishment. Nor is repetition derogatory to a sacrament, except
in those wherein there is some kind of sanctification, either by the
impressing of a character, or by the consecration of the matter, neither
of which applies to Penance. Hence it would be well for him who hears
confessions by the bishop's authority, to advise the penitent to confess
to his own priest, yet he must absolve him, even if he declines to do so.
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Question: 8 [<< | >>]
Article: 6 [<< | >>]
Objection 1: It would seem that a penitent, at the point of death, cannot be
absolved by any priest. For absolution requires jurisdiction, as stated
above (Article [5]). Now a priest does not acquire jurisdiction over a man who
repents at the point of death. Therefore he cannot absolve him.
Objection 2: Further, he that receives the sacrament of Baptism, when in
danger of death, from another than his own priest, does not need to be
baptized again by the latter. If, therefore, any priest can absolve, from
any sin, a man who is in danger of death, the penitent, if he survive the
danger, need not go to his own priest; which is false, since otherwise
the priest would not "know the countenance of his cattle."
Objection 3: Further, when there is danger of death, Baptism can be conferred
not only by a strange priest, but also by one who is not a priest. But
one who is not a priest can never absolve in the tribunal of Penance.
Therefore neither can a priest absolve a man who is not his subject, when
he is in danger of death.
On the contrary, Spiritual necessity is greater than bodily necessity.
But it is lawful in a case of extreme necessity, for a man to make use of
another's property, even against the owner's will, in order to supply a
bodily need. Therefore in danger of death, a man may be absolved by
another than his own priest, in order to supply his spiritual need.
Further, the authorities quoted in the text prove the same (Sent. iv, D,
20, Cap. Non Habet).
I answer that, If we consider the power of the keys, every priest has
power over all men equally and over all sins: and it is due to the fact
that by the ordination of the Church, he has a limited jurisdiction or
none at all, that he cannot absolve all men from all sins. But since
"necessity knows no law" [*Cap. Consilium, De observ. jejun.; De reg.
jur. (v, Decretal)] in cases of necessity the ordination of the Church
does not hinder him from being able to absolve, since he has the keys
sacramentally: and the penitent will receive as much benefit from the
absolution of this other priest as if he had been absolved by his own.
Moreover a man can then be absolved by any priest not only from his sins,
but also from excommunication, by whomsoever pronounced, because such
absolution is also a matter of that jurisdiction which by the ordination
of the Church is con. fined within certain limits.
Reply to Objection 1: One person may act on the jurisdiction of another according
to the latter's will, since matters of jurisdiction can be deputed.
Since, therefore, the Church recognizes absolution granted by any priest
at the hour of death, from this very fact a priest has the use of
jurisdiction though he lack the power of jurisdiction.
Reply to Objection 2: He needs to go to his own priest, not that he may be
absolved again from the sins, from which he was absolved when in danger
of death, but that his own priest may know that he is absolved. In like
manner, he who has been absolved from excommunication needs to go to the
judge, who in other circumstances could have absolved him, not in order
to seek absolution, but in order to offer satisfaction.
Reply to Objection 3: Baptism derives its efficacy from the sanctification of the
matter itself, so that a man receives the sacrament whosoever baptizes
him: whereas the sacramental power of Penance consists in a
sanctification pronounced by the minister, so that if a man confess to a
layman, although he fulfills his own part of the sacramental confession,
he does not receive sacramental absolution. Wherefore his confession
avails him somewhat, as to the lessening of his punishment, owing to the
merit derived from his confession and to his repentance. but he does not
receive that diminution of his punishment which results from the power of
the keys; and consequently he must confess again to a priest; and one who
has confessed thus, is more punished hereafter than if he had confessed
to a priest.
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Question: 8 [<< | >>]
Article: 7 [<< | >>]
Objection 1: It would seem that the temporal punishment, the debt of which
remains after Penance, is not imposed according to the degree of fault.
For it is imposed according to the degree of pleasure derived from the
sin, as appears from Apoc. 18:7: "As much as she hath glorified herself
and lived in delicacies, so much torment and sorrow give ye her." Yet
sometimes where there is greater pleasure, there is less fault, since
"carnal sins, which afford more pleasure than spiritual sins, are less
guilty," according to Gregory (Moral. xxxiii, 2). Therefore the
punishment is not imposed according to the degree of fault.
Objection 2: Further, in the New Law one is bound to punishment for mortal
sins, in the same way as in the Old Law. Now in the Old Law the
punishment for sin was due to last seven days, in other words, they had
to remain unclean seven days for one mortal sin. Since therefore, in the
New Testament, a punishment of seven years is imposed for one mortal sin,
it seems that the quantity of the punishment does not answer to the
degree of fault.
Objection 3: Further, the sin of murder in a layman is more grievous than that
of fornication in a priest, because the circumstance which is taken from
the species of a sin, is more aggravating than that which is taken from
the person of the sinner. Now a punishment of seven years' duration is
appointed for a layman guilty of murder, while for fornication a priest
is punished for ten years, according to Can. Presbyter, Dist. lxxxii.
Therefore punishment is not imposed according to the degree of fault.
Objection 4: Further, a sin committed against the very body of Christ is most
grievous, because the greater the person sinned against, the more
grievous the sin. Now for spilling the blood of Christ in the sacrament
of the altar a punishment of forty days or a little more is enjoined,
while a punishment of seven years is prescribed for fornication,
according to the Canons (Can. Presbyter, Dist. lxxxii). Therefore the
quantity of the punishment does not answer to the degree of fault.
On the contrary, It is written (@Is. 27:8): "In measure against measure,
when it shall be cast off, thou shalt judge it." Therefore the quantity
of punishment adjudicated for sin answers the degree of fault.
Further, man is reduced to the equality of justice by the punishment
inflicted on him. But this would not be so if the quantity of the fault
and of the punishment did not mutually correspond. Therefore one answers
to the other.
I answer that, After the forgiveness of sin, a punishment is required
for two reasons, viz. to pay the debt, and to afford a remedy. Hence the
punishment may be imposed in consideration of two things. First, in
consideration of the debt, and in this way the quantity of the punishment
corresponds radically to the quantity of the fault, before anything of
the latter is forgiven: yet the more there is remitted by the first of
those things which are of a nature to remit punishment, the less there
remains to be remitted or paid by the other, because the more contrition
remits of the punishment, the less there remains to be remitted by
confession. Secondly, in consideration of the remedy, either as regards
the one who sinned, or as regards others: and thus sometimes a greater
punishment is enjoined for a lesser sin; either because one man's sin is
more difficult to resist than another's (thus a heavier punishment is
imposed on a young man for fornication, than on an old man, though the
former's sin be less grievous), or because one man's sin; for instance, a
priest's, is more dangerous to others, than another's sin, or because the
people are more prone to that particular sin, so that it is necessary by
the punishment of the one man to deter others. Consequently, in the
tribunal of Penance, the punishment has to be imposed with due regard to
both these things: and so a greater punishment is not always imposed for
a greater sin. on the other hand, the punishment of Purgatory is only for
the payment of the debt, because there is no longer any possibility of
sinning, so that this punishment is meted only according to the measure
of sin, with due consideration however for the degree of contrition, and
for confession and absolution, since all these lessen the punishment
somewhat: wherefore the priest in enjoining satisfaction should bear them
in mind.
Reply to Objection 1: In the words quoted two things are mentioned with regard to
the sin, viz. "glorification" and "delicacies" or "delectation"; the
first of which regards the uplifting of the sinner, whereby he resists
God; while the second regards the pleasure of sin: and though sometimes
there is less pleasure in a greater sin, yet there is greater uplifting;
wherefore the argument does not prove.
Reply to Objection 2: This punishment of seven days did not expiate the
punishment due for the sin, so that even if the sinner died after that
time, he would be punished in Purgatory: but it was in expiation of the
irregularity incurred, from which all the legal sacrifices expiated.
Nevertheless, other things being equal, a man sins more grievously under
the New Law than under the Old, on account of the more plentiful
sanctification received in Baptism, and on account of the more powerful
blessings bestowed by God on the human race. This is evident from Heb.
29: "How much more, do you think, he deserveth worse punishments," etc.
And yet it is not universally true that a seven years' penance is exacted
for every mortal sin: but it is a kind of general rule applicable to the
majority of cases, which must, nevertheless, be disregarded, with due
consideration for the various circumstances of sins and penitents.
Reply to Objection 3: A bishop or priest sins with greater danger to others or to
himself; wherefore the canons are more anxious to withdraw him from sin,
by inflicting a greater punishment, in as much as it is intended as a
remedy; although sometimes so great a punishment is not strictly due.
Hence he is punished less in Purgatory.
Reply to Objection 4: This punishment refers to the case when this happens
against the priest's will: for if he spilled it willingly he would
deserve a much heavier punishment.