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Question: 15 [<< | >>]
We must now consider the means of making satisfaction, under which head
there are three points of inquiry:
(1) Whether satisfaction must be made by means of penal works?
(2) Whether the scourges whereby God punishes man in this life, are
satisfactory?
(3) Whether the works of satisfaction are suitably reckoned, by saying
that there are three, viz. almsdeeds, fasting, and prayer?
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Question: 15 [<< | >>]
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Objection 1: It would seem that satisfaction need not be made by means of
penal works. For satisfaction should make compensation for the offense
committed against God. Now, seemingly, no compensation is given to God by
penal works, for God does not delight in our sufferings, as appears from
Tobias 3:22. Therefore satisfaction need not be made by means of penal
works.
Objection 2: Further, the greater the charity from which a work proceeds, the
less penal is that work, for "charity hath no pain [*Vulg.: 'Perfect
charity casteth out fear, because fear hath pain']" according to 1 Jn.
4:18. If therefore works of satisfaction need to be penal, the more they
proceed from charity, the less satisfactory will they be: which is false.
Objection 3: Further, "Satisfaction," as Anselm states (Cur Deus homo i)
"consists in giving due honor to God." But this can be done by other
means than penal works. Therefore satisfaction needs not to be made by
means of penal works.
On the contrary, Gregory says (Hom. in Evang. xx): "It is just that the
sinner, by his repentance, should inflict on himself so much the greater
suffering, as he has brought greater harm on himself by his sin."
Further, the wound caused by sin should be perfectly healed by
satisfaction. Now punishment is the remedy for sins, as the Philosopher
says (Ethic. ii, 3). Therefore satisfaction should be made by means of
penal works.
I answer that, As stated above (Question [12], Article [3]), satisfaction regards both
the past offense, for which compensation is made by its means, and also
future sin wherefrom we are preserved thereby: and in both respects
satisfaction needs to be made by means of penal works. For compensation
for an offense implies equality, which must needs be between the offender
and the person whom he offends. Now equalization in human justice
consists in taking away from one that which he has too much of, and
giving it to the person from whom something has been taken. And, although
nothing can be taken away from God, so far as He is concerned, yet the
sinner, for his part, deprives Him of something by sinning as stated
above (Question [12], Articles [3],4). Consequently, in order that compensation be made,
something by way of satisfaction that may conduce to the glory of God
must be taken away from the sinner. Now a good work, as such, does not
deprive the agent of anything, but perfects him: so that the deprivation
cannot be effected by a good work unless it be penal. Therefore, in order
that a work be satisfactory it needs to be good that it may conduce to
God's honor, and it must be penal, so that something may be taken away
from the sinner thereby.
Again punishment preserves from future sin, because a man does not
easily fall back into sin when he has had experience of the punishment.
Wherefore, according to the Philosopher (Ethic. ii, 3) punishments are
medicinal.
Reply to Objection 1: Though God does not delight in our punishments as such, yet
He does, in so far as they are just, and thus they can be satisfactory.
Reply to Objection 2: Just as, in satisfaction, we have to note the penality of
the work, so, in merit, we must observe its difficulty. Now if the
difficulty of the work itself be diminished, other things being equal,
the merit is also diminished; but if the difficulty be diminished on the
part of the promptitude of the will, this does not diminish the merit,
but increases it; and, in like manner, diminution of the penality of a
work, on account of the will being made more prompt by charity, does not
lessen the efficacy of satisfaction, but increases it.
Reply to Objection 3: That which is due for sin is compensation for the offense,
and this cannot be done without punishment of the sinner. It is of this
debt that Anselm speaks.
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Question: 15 [<< | >>]
Article: 2 [<< | >>]
Objection 1: It would seem that the scourges whereby we are punished by God in
this life, cannot be satisfactory. For nothing but what is meritorious
can be satisfactory, as is clear from what has been said (Question [14], Article [2]).
But we do not merit except by what is in our own power. Since therefore
the scourges with which God punishes us are not in our power, it seems
that they cannot be satisfactory.
Objection 2: Further, only the good make satisfaction. But these scourges are
inflicted on the wicked also, and are deserved by them most of all.
Therefore they cannot be satisfactory.
Objection 3: Further, satisfaction regards past sins. But these scourges are
sometimes inflicted on those who have no sins, as in the case of Job.
Therefore it seems that they are not satisfactory.
On the contrary, It is written (@Rm. 5:3,4): "Tribulation worketh
patience, and patience trial, i.e. deliverance from sin," as a gloss
explains it.
Further, Ambrose says (Super Ps. 118): "Although faith," i.e. the
consciousness of sin, "be lacking, the punishment satisfies." Therefore
the scourges of this life are satisfactory.
I answer that, Compensation for a past offense can be enforced either by
the offender or by another. When it is enforced by another, such
compensation is of a vindictive rather than of a satisfactory nature,
whereas when it is made by the offender, it is also satisfactory.
Consequently, if the scourges, which are inflicted by God on account of
sin, become in some way the act of the sufferer they acquire a
satisfactory character. Now they become the act of the sufferer in so far
as he accepts them for the cleansing of his sins, by taking advantage of
them patiently. If, however, he refuse to submit to them patiently, then
they do not become his personal act in any way, and are not of a
satisfactory, but merely of a vindictive character.
Reply to Objection 1: Although these scourges are not altogether in our power,
yet in some respect they are, in so far as we use them patiently. In this
way man makes a virtue of necessity, so that such things can become both
meritorious and satisfactory.
Reply to Objection 2: As Augustine observes (De Civ. Dei i, 8), even as "the same
fire makes gold glisten and straw reek," so by the same scourges are the
good cleansed and the wicked worsened on account of their impatience.
Hence, though the scourges are common to both, satisfaction is only on
the side of the good.
Reply to Objection 3: These scourges always regard past guilt, not always the
guilt of the person, but sometimes the guilt of nature. For had there not
been guilt in human nature, there would have been no punishment. But
since guilt preceded in nature, punishment is inflicted by God on a
person without the person's fault, that his virtue may be meritorious,
and that he may avoid future sin. Moreover, these two things are
necessary in satisfaction. For the work needs to be meritorious, that
honor may be given to God, and it must be a safeguard of virtue, that we
may be preserved from future sins.
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Question: 15 [<< | >>]
Article: 3 [<< | >>]
Objection 1: It would seem that the works of satisfaction are unsuitably
enumerated by saying that there are three, viz. almsdeeds, fasting, and
prayer. For a work of satisfaction should be penal. But prayer is not
penal, since it is a remedy against penal sorrow, and is a source of
pleasure, wherefore it is written (@James 5:13): "Is any of you sad? Let
him pray. Is he cheerful in mind? Let him sing." Therefore prayer should
not be reckoned among the works of satisfaction.
Objection 2: Further, every sin is either carnal or spiritual. Now, as Jerome
says on Mk. 9:28, "This kind" of demons "can go out by nothing, but by
prayer and fasting: Diseases of the body are healed by fasting, diseases
of the mind, by prayer." Therefore no other work of satisfaction is
necessary.
Objection 3: Further, satisfaction is necessary in order for us to be cleansed
from our sins. But almsgiving cleanses from all sins, according to Lk.
11:41: "Give alms, and behold all things are clean unto you." Therefore
the other two are in excess.
Objection 4: On the other hand, it seems that there should be more. For
contrary heals contrary. But there are many more than three kinds of sin.
Therefore more works of satisfaction should be enumerated.
Objection 5: Further, pilgrimages and scourgings are also enjoined as works of
satisfaction, and are not included among the above. Therefore they are
not sufficiently enumerated.
I answer that, Satisfaction should be of such a nature as to involve
something taken away from us for the honor of God. Now we have but three
kinds of goods, bodily, spiritual, and goods of fortune, or external
goods. By alms-deeds we deprive ourselves of some goods of fortune, and
by fasting we retrench goods of the body. As to goods of the soul, there
is no need to deprive ourselves of any of them, either in whole or in
part, since thereby we become acceptable to God, but we should submit
them entirely to God, which is done by prayer.
This number is shown to be suitable in so far as satisfaction uproots
the causes of sin, for these are reckoned to be three (@1 Jn. 2:16), viz.
"concupiscence of the flesh," "concupiscence of the eyes," and "pride of
life." Fasting is directed against concupiscence of the "flesh,"
alms-deeds against concupiscence of the "eyes," and "prayer" against
"pride of life," as Augustine says (Enarr. in Ps. 42).
This number is also shown to be suitable in so far as satisfaction does
not open a way to the suggestions of sin, because every sin is committed
either against God, and this is prevented by "prayer," or against our
neighbor, and this is remedied by "alms-deeds," or against ourselves, and
this is forestalled by "fasting."
Reply to Objection 1: According to some, prayer is twofold. There is the prayer
of contemplatives whose "conversation is in heaven": and this, since it
is altogether delightful, is not a work of satisfaction. The other is a
prayer which pours forth sighs for sin; this is penal and a part of
satisfaction.
It may also be replied, and better, that every prayer has the character
of satisfaction, for though it be sweet to the soul it is painful to the
body, since, as Gregory says (Super Ezech., Hom. xiv), "doubtless, when
our soul's love is strengthened, our body's strength is weakened"; hence
we read (@Gn. 32:25) that the sinew of Jacob's thigh shrank through his
wrestling with the angel.
Reply to Objection 2: Carnal sin is twofold; one which is completed in carnal
delectation, as gluttony and lust. and, another which is completed in
things relating to the flesh, though it be completed in the delectation
of the soul rather than of the flesh, as covetousness. Hence such like
sins are between spiritual and carnal sins, so that they need a
satisfaction proper to them, viz. almsdeeds.
Reply to Objection 3: Although each of these three, by a kind of likeness, is
appropriated to some particular kind of sin because it is reasonable
that, whereby a man sins, in that he should be punished, and that
satisfaction should cut out the very root of the sin committed, yet each
of them can satisfy for any kind of sin. Hence if a man is unable to
perform one of the above, another is imposed on him, chiefly almsdeeds,
which can take the place of the others, in so far as in those to whom a
man gives alms he purchases other works of satisfaction thereby.
Consequently even if almsgiving washes all sins away, it does not follow
that other works are in excess.
Reply to Objection 4: Though there are many kinds of sins, all are reduced to
those three roots or to those three kinds of sin, to which, as we have
said, the aforesaid works of satisfaction correspond.
Reply to Objection 5: Whatever relates to affliction of the body is all referred
to fasting, and whatever is spent for the benefit of one's neighbor is a
kind of alms, and whatever act of worship is given to God becomes a kind
of prayer, so that even one work can be satisfactory in several ways.