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Question: 84 [<< | >>]
We must now consider the agility of the bodies of the blessed in the
resurrection. Under this head there are three points of inquiry:
(1) Whether the glorified bodies will be agile?
(2) Whether they will move?
(3) Whether they will move instantaneously?
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Objection 1: It would seem that the glorified bodies will not be agile. For
that which is agile by itself needs not to be carried in order to move.
But the glorified bodies will, after the resurrection, be taken up by the
angels (according to a gloss) in the clouds "to meet Christ, into the
air" (@1 Thess. 4:16). Therefore the glorified bodies will not be agile.
Objection 2: Further, no body that moves with labor and pain can be said to be
agile. Yet the glorified bodies will move thus, since the principle of
their movement, namely the soul, moves them counter to their nature, else
they would always move in the same direction. Therefore they are not
agile.
Objection 3: Further, of all the animal operations sense surpasses movement in
nobility and priority. Yet no property is ascribed to glorified bodies as
perfecting them in sensation. Therefore neither should agility be
ascribed to them as perfecting them in movement.
Objection 4: Further, nature gives different animals instruments of different
disposition according to their different powers: hence she does not give
instruments of the same disposition to slow as to fleet animals. Now
God's works are much more orderly than those of nature. Since then the
glorified body's members will have the same disposition, shape and
quantity as they now have, it would seem that it will have no agility
other than it has now.
On the contrary, It is written (@1 Cor. 15:43): "It is sown in weakness,
it shall rise in power," that is, according to a gloss, "mobile and
living." But mobility can only signify agility in movement. Therefore the
glorified bodies will be agile.
Further, slowness of movement would seem especially inconsistent with
the nature of a spirit. But the glorified bodies will be most spiritual
according to 1 Cor. 15:44. Therefore they will be agile.
I answer that, The glorified body will be altogether subject to the
glorified soul, so that not only will there be nothing in it to resist
the will of the spirit, for it was even so in the case of Adam's body,
but also from the glorified soul there will flow into the body a certain
perfection, whereby it will become adapted to that subjection: and this
perfection is called "the gift of the glorified body." Now the soul is
united to body not only as its form, but also as its mover; and in both
ways the glorified body must needs be most perfectly subject to the
glorified soul. Wherefore even as by the gift of subtlety the body is
wholly subject to the soul as its form, whence it derives its specific
being, so by the gift of agility it is subject to the soul as its mover,
so that it is prompt and apt to obey the spirit in all the movements and
actions of the soul.
Some, however, ascribe the cause of this agility to the fifth, i.e. the
heavenly essence, which will then be predominant in the glorified bodies.
But of this we have frequently observed that it does not seem probable
(Question [82], Article [1]; Question [83], Article [1]). Wherefore it is better to ascribe it to the
soul, whence glory flows to the body.
Reply to Objection 1: Glorified bodies are said to be borne by the angels and
also on the clouds, not as though they needed them, but in order to
signify the reverence which both angels and all creatures will show them.
Reply to Objection 2: The more the power of the moving soul dominates over the
body, the less is the labor of movement, even though it be counter to the
body's nature. Hence those in whom the motive power is stronger, and
those who through exercise have the body more adapted to obey the moving
spirit, labor less in being moved. And since, after the resurrection, the
soul will perfectly dominate the body, both on account of the perfection
of its own power, and on account of the glorified body's aptitude
resulting from the outflow of glory which it receives from the soul,
there will be no labor in the saints' movements, and thus it may be said
that the bodies of the saints' will be agile.
Reply to Objection 3: By the gift of agility the glorified body will be rendered
apt not only for local movement but also for sensation, and for the
execution of all the other operations of the soul.
Reply to Objection 4: Even as nature gives to fleeter animals instruments of a
different disposition in shape and quantity, so God will give to the
bodies of the saints a disposition other than that which they have now,
not indeed in shape and quantity, but in that property of glory which is
called agility.
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Objection 1: It would seem that the saints will never use their agility for
the purpose of movement. For, according to the Philosopher (Phys. iii,
2), "movement is the act of the imperfect." But there will be no
imperfection in glorified bodies. Neither therefore will there be any
movement.
Objection 2: Further, all movement is on account of some need, because
whatever is in motion is moved for the sake of obtaining some end. But
glorified bodies will have no need, since as Augustine says (De Spiritu
et Anima, lxiii [*Cf. Question [70], Article [2], ad 1]), "all thou willest will be
there, and nothing that thou willest not." Therefore they will not move.
Objection 3: Further, according to the Philosopher (De Coelo et Mundo ii),
"that which shares the Divine goodness without movement shares it more
excellently than that which shares it with movement." Now the glorified
body shares the Divine goodness more excellently than any other body.
Since then certain bodies, like the heavenly bodies, will remain
altogether without movement, it seems that much more will human bodies
remain so.
Objection 4: Further, Augustine says (De Vera Relig. xii) that the soul being
established in God will in consequence establish its body. Now the soul
will be so established in God, that in no way will it move away from Him.
Therefore in the body there will be no movement caused by the soul.
Objection 5: Further, the more noble a body is, the more noble a place is due
to it: wherefore Christ's body which is the most exalted of all has the
highest place of all, according to Heb. 7:26, "Made higher than the
heavens," where a gloss [*Gloss on Heb. 1:3: "On the right hand of the
majesty"] says, "in place and dignity." And again each glorified body
will, in like manner, have a place befitting it according to the measure
of its dignity. Now a fitting place is one of the conditions pertaining
to glory. Since then after the resurrection the glory of the saints will
never vary, neither by increase nor by decrease, because they will then
have reached the final term of all, it would seem that their bodies will
never leave the place assigned to them, and consequently will not be
moved.
On the contrary, It is written (@Is. 40:31): "They shall run and not be
weary, they shall walk and not faint"; and (Wis. 3:7): "(The just) shall
run to and fro like sparks among the reeds." Therefore there will be some
movement in glorified bodies.
I answer that, It is necessary to suppose that the glorified bodies are
moved sometimes, since even Christ's body was moved in His ascension, and
likewise the bodies of the saints, which will arise from the earth, will
ascend to the empyrean [*The empyrean was the highest of the concentric
spheres or heavens, and was identified by Christian writers with the
abode of God. Cf. FP, Question [56], Article [3]]. But even after they have climbed the
heavens, it is likely that they will sometimes move according as it
pleases them; so that by actually putting into practice that which is in
their power, they may show forth the excellence of Divine wisdom, and
that furthermore their vision may be refreshed by the beauty of the
variety of creatures, in which God's wisdom will shine forth with great
evidence: for sense can only perceive that which is present, although
glorified bodies can perceive from a greater distance than non-glorified
bodies. And yet movement will nowise diminish their happiness which
consists in seeing God, for He will be everywhere present to them; thus
Gregory says of the angels (Hom. xxxiv in Evang.) that "wherever they are
sent their course lies in God."
Reply to Objection 1: Local movement changes nothing that is intrinsic to a
thing, but only that which is without namely place. Hence that which is
moved locally is perfect as to those things which are within (Phys. viii,
7), although it has an imperfection as to place, because while it is in
one place it is in potentiality with regard to another place, since it
cannot be in several places at the same time, for this belongs to God
alone. But this defect is not inconsistent with the perfection of glory,
as neither is the defect whereby a creature is formed from nothing. Hence
such like defects will remain in glorified bodies.
Reply to Objection 2: A person is said to need a thing in two ways, namely
absolutely and relatively. One needs absolutely that without which one
cannot retain one's being or one's perfection: and thus movement in
glorified bodies will not be on account of a need, because their
happiness will suffice them for all such things. But we need a thing
relatively when without it some end we have in view cannot be obtained by
us, or not so well, or not in some particular way. It is thus that
movement will be in the blessed on account of need, for they will be
unable to show forth their motive power practically, unless they be in
motion, since nothing prevents a need of this kind being in glorified
bodies.
Reply to Objection 3: This argument would prove if the glorified body were unable
even without movement to share the Divine goodness much more perfectly
than the heavenly bodies, which is untrue. Hence glorified bodies will be
moved, not in order to gain a perfect participation in the Divine
goodness (since they have this through glory), but in order to show the
soul's power. On the other hand, the movement of the heavenly bodies
could not show their power, except the power they have in moving lower
bodies to generation and corruption, which is not becoming to that state.
Hence the argument does not prove.
Reply to Objection 4: Local movement takes nothing away from the stability of the
soul that is established in God, since it does not affect that which is
intrinsic to a thing, as stated above (ad 1).
Reply to Objection 5: The fitting place assigned to each glorified body according
to the degree of its dignity belongs to the accidental reward. Nor does
it follow that this reward is diminished whenever the body is outside its
place; because that place pertains to reward, not as actually containing
the body located therein (since nothing flows therefrom into the
glorified body, but rather does it receive splendor therefrom), but as
being due to merits. Wherefore, though out of that place, they will still
continue to rejoice in it.
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Objection 1: It would seem that movement of the saints will be instantaneous.
For Augustine says (De Civ. Dei xxii, 30) that "wherever the spirit
listeth there will the body be." Now the movement of the will, whereby
the spirit wishes to be anywhere, is instantaneous. Therefore the body's
movement will be instantaneous.
Objection 2: Further, the Philosopher (Phys. iv, 8) proves that there is no
movement through a vacuum, because it would follow that something moves
instantaneously, since a vacuum offers no resistance whatever to a thing
that is in motion, whereas the plenum offers resistance; and so there
would be no proportion between the velocity of movement in a vacuum and
that of movement in a plenum, since the ratio of movements in point of
velocity is as the ratio of the resistance offered by the medium. Now the
velocities of any two movements that take place in time must needs be
proportional, since any one space of time is proportional to any other.
But in like manner no full place can resist a glorified body since this
can be in the same place with another body, no matter how this may occur;
even as neither can a vacuum resist a body. Therefore if it moves at all,
it moves instantaneously.
Objection 3: Further, the power of a glorified soul surpasses the power of a
non-glorified soul, out of all proportion so to speak. Now the
non-glorified soul moves the body in time. Therefore the glorified soul
moves the body instantaneously.
Objection 4: Further, whatever is moved equally soon to what is near and what
is distant, is moved instantaneously. Now such is the movement of a
glorified body, for however distant the space to which it is moved, the
time it takes to be moved is imperceptible: wherefore Augustine says (Questions.
De Resurrectione, Ep. cii, qu. 1) that "the glorified body reaches
equally soon to any distance, like the sun's ray." Therefore the
glorified body is moved instantaneously.
Objection 5: Further, whatever is in motion is moved either in time or in an
instant. Now after the resurrection the glorified body will not be moved
in time, since time will not be then according to Apoc. 10:6. Therefore
this movement will be instantaneous.
On the contrary, In local movement space. movement and time are equally
divisible, as is demonstrated in Phys. vi, 4. Now the space traversed by
a glorified body in motion is divisible. Therefore both the movement and
the time are divisible. But an instant is indivisible. Therefore this
movement will not be instantaneous.
Further, a thing cannot be at the same time wholly in one place and
partly in another place, since it would follow that the remaining part is
in two places at the same time, which is impossible. But whatever is in
motion is partly in a term "wherefrom" and partly in a term "whereto," as
is proved in Phys. vi, 6: while whatever has been in motion is wholly in
the term whereto the movement is directed; and it is impossible at the
same time for it to be moved and to have been moved. Now that which is
moved instantaneously is being moved and has been moved at the same time.
Therefore the local movement of a glorified body cannot be instantaneous.
I answer that, Opinion is much divided on this point. For some say that
a glorified body passes from one place to another without passing through
the interval, just as the will passes from one place to another without
passing through the interval, and that consequently it is possible for
the movement of a glorified body like that of the will to be
instantaneous. But this will not hold: because the glorified body will
never attain to the dignity of the spiritual nature, just as it will
never cease to be a body. Moreover, when the will is said to move from
one place to another, it is not essentially transferred from place to
place, because in neither place is it contained essentially, but it is
directed to one place after being directed by the intention to another:
and in this sense it is said to move from one place to another.
Hence others [*Alexander of Hales, Sum. Th. III, Question [23], mem. 3] say that
it is a property of the nature of a glorified body, since it is a body,
to pass through the interval and consequently to be moved in time, but
that by the power of glory, which raises it to a certain infinitude above
the power of nature, it is possible for it not to pass through the
interval, and consequently to be moved instantaneously. But this is
impossible since it implies a contradiction: which is proved as follows.
Suppose a body which we will call Z to be in motion from A to B. It is
clear that Z, as long as it is wholly in A is not in motion; and in like
manner when it is wholly in B, because then the movement is past.
Therefore if it is at any time in motion it must needs be neither wholly
in A nor wholly in B. Therefore while it is in motion, it is either
nowhere, or partly in A, and partly in B, or wholly in some other
intervening place, say C, or partly in A and C and partly in C and B. But
it is impossible for it to be nowhere, for then there would be a
dimensive quantity without a place, which is impossible. Nor again is it
possible for it to be partly in A and partly in B without being in some
way in the intervening space. for since B is a place distant from A, it
would follow that in the intervening space the part of Z which is in B is
not continuous with the part which is in A. Therefore it follows that it
is either wholly in C, or partly in C, and partly in some other place
that intervenes between C and A, say D, and so forth. Therefore it
follows that Z does not pass form A to B unless first of all it be in all
the intervening places: unless we suppose that it passes from A to B
without ever being moved, which implies a contradiction, because the very
succession of places is local movement. The same applies to any change
whatever having two opposite terms, each of which is a positive entity,
but not to those changes which have only one positive term, the other
being a pure privation, since between affirmation and negation or
privation there is no fixed distance: wherefore that which is in the
negation may be nearer to or more remote from affirmation, and
conversely, by reason of something that causes either of them or disposes
thereto: so that while that which is moved is wholly under a negation it
is changed into affirmation, and "vice versa"; wherefore in such things
"to be changing precedes to be changed," as is proved in Phys. vi, 5. Nor
is there any comparison with the movement of an angel, because being in a
place is predicated equivocally of a body and an angel. Hence it is clear
that it is altogether impossible for a body to pass from one place to
another, unless it pass through every interval.
Wherefore others grant this, and yet they maintain that the glorified
body is moved instantaneously. But it follows from this that a glorified
body is at the same instant in two or more places together, namely in the
ultimate term, and in all the intervening places, which is impossible.
To this, however, they reply that, although it is the same instant
really, it is not the same logically, like a point at which different
lines terminate. But this is not enough, because an instant measures the
instantaneous, according to its reality and not according to our way of
considering it. Wherefore an instant through being considered in a
different way is not rendered capable of measuring things that are not
simultaneous in time, just as a point through being considered in a
different way does not make it possible for one point of place to contain
things that are locally distant from one another.
Hence others with greater probability hold that a glorified body moves
in time, but that this time is so short as to be imperceptible; and that
nevertheless one glorified body can pass through the same space in less
time than another, because there is no limit to the divisibility of time,
no matter how short a space we may take.
Reply to Objection 1: That which is little lacking is as it were not lacking at
all (Phys. ii, 5); wherefore we say: "I do so and so at once," when it is
to be done after a short time. It is in this sense that Augustine speaks
when he says that "wheresoever the will shall be, there shall the body be
forthwith." Or we may say that in the blessed there will never be an
inordinate will: so that they never will wish their body to be
instantaneously where it cannot be, and consequently whatever instant the
will shall choose, at that same instant the body will be in whatever
place the will shall determine.
Reply to Objection 2: Some have demurred to this proposition of the
Philosopher's, as the Commentator thereon observes. They say that the
ratio of one whole movement to another whole movement is not necessarily
as the ratio of one resisting medium to another resisting medium, but
that the ratio of the intervening mediums gives us the ratio of
retardations attending the movements on account of the resistance of the
medium. For every movement has a certain fixed speed, either fast or
slow, through the mover overcoming the movable, although there be no
resistance on the part of the medium; as evidenced in heavenly bodies,
which have nothing to hinder their movement; and yet they do not move
instantaneously, but in a fixed time proportionate to the power of the
mover in comparison with the movable. Consequently it is clear that even
if we suppose something to move in a vacuum, it does not follow that it
moves instantaneously, but that nothing is added to the time which that
movement requires in the aforesaid proportion of the mover to the
movable, because the movement is not retarded.
But this reply, as the Commentator observes, proceeds from an error in
the imagination; for it is imagined that the retardation resulting from
the resistance of the medium is a part of movement added to the natural
movement, the quantity of which is in proportion to the mover in
comparison with the movable, as when one line is added to another: for
the proportion of one total to the other is not the same as the
proportion of the lines to which an addition has been made. [*The same
applies to mathematical quantities: for instance the ratio 2 + 1 to 4 + 1
is not as 2 to 4.] And so there would not be the same proportion between
one whole sensible movement and another, as between the retardations
resulting from the resistance of the medium. This is an error of the
imagination, because each part of a movement has as much speed as the
whole movement: whereas not every part of a line has as much of the
dimensive quantity as the whole line has. Hence any retardation or
acceleration affecting the movement affects each of its parts, which is
not the case with lines: and consequently the retardation that comes to a
movement is not another part of the movement, whereas in the case of the
lines that which is added is a part of the total line.
Consequently, in order to understand the Philosopher's argument, as the
Commentator explains, we must take the whole as being one, that is we
must take not only the resistance of the movable to the moving power, but
also the resistance of the medium through which the movement takes place,
and again the resistance of anything else, so that we take the amount of
retardation in the whole movement as being proportionate to the moving
power in comparison with the resisting movable, no matter in what way it
resist, whether by itself or by reason of something extrinsic. For the
movable must needs always resist the mover somewhat, since mover and
moved, agent and patient, as such, are opposed to one another. Now
sometimes it is to be observed that the moved resists the mover by
itself, either because it has a force inclining it to a contrary
movement, as appears in violent movements, or at least because it has a
place contrary to the place which is in the intention of the mover; and
such like resistance even heavenly bodies offer their movers. Sometimes
the movable resists the power of the mover, by reason only of something
else and not by itself. This is seen in the natural movement of heavy and
light things, because by their very form they are inclined to such a
movement: for the form is an impression of their generator, which is the
mover as regards heavy and light bodies. On the part of matter we find no
resistance, neither of a force inclining to a contrary movement nor of a
contrary place, since place is not due to matter except in so far as the
latter, being circumscribed by its dimensions, is perfected by its
natural form. Hence there can be no resistance save on the part of the
medium, and this resistance is connatural to their movement. Sometimes
again the resistance results from both, as may be seen in the movements
of animals.
Accordingly when in a movement there is no resistance save on the part
of the movable, as in the heavenly bodies, the time of the movement is
measured according to the proportion of the mover to the movable, and the
Philosopher's argument does not apply to these, since if there be no
medium at all their movement is still a movement in time. on the other
hand, in those movements where there is resistance on the part of the
medium only, the measure of time is taken only according to the obstacle
on the part of the medium, so that if the medium be removed there will be
no longer an obstacle; and so either it will move instantaneously, or it
will move in an equal time through a vacuum and through a plenum, because
granted that it moves in time through a vacuum, that time will bear some
proportion to the time in which it moves through a plenum. Now it is
possible to imagine another body more subtle in the same proportion than
the body which filled the space, and then if this body fill some other
equal space it will move in as little time through that plenum as it did
previously through a vacuum, since by as much as the subtlety of the
medium is increased by so much is the length of time decreased, and the
more subtle the medium the less it resists. But in those other movements
where resistance is offered by both the movable and the medium, the
quantity of time must be proportionate to the power of the mover as
compared with the resistance of both movable and medium together. Hence
granted that the medium be taken away altogether, or that it cease to
hinder, it does not follow that the movement is instantaneous, but that
the time is measured according only to the resistance of the movable. Nor
will there be any inconsistency if it move in an equal time through a
vacuum, and through a space filled with the most subtle body imaginable,
since the greater the subtlety we ascribe to the medium the less is it
naturally inclined to retard the movement. Wherefore it is possible to
imagine so great a subtlety, as will naturally retard the movement less
than does the resistance of the movable, so that the resistance of the
medium will add no retardation to the movement.
It is therefore evident that although the medium offer no resistance to
the glorified bodies, in so far as it is possible for them to be in the
same place with another body, nevertheless their movement will not be
instantaneous, because the movable body itself will resist the motive
power from the very fact that it has a determinate place, as we have said
in reference to the heavenly bodies.
Reply to Objection 3: Although the power of a glorified soul surpasses
immeasurably the power of a non-glorified soul, it does not surpass it
infinitely, because both powers are finite: hence it does not follow that
it causes instantaneous movement. And even if its power were simply
infinite, it would not follow that it causes an instantaneous movement,
unless the resistance of the movable were overcome altogether. Now
although the resistance of the movable to the mover, that results from
opposition to such a movement by reason of its being inclined to a
contrary movement, can be altogether overcome by a mover of infinite
power, nevertheless the resistance it offers through contrariety towards
the place which the mover intends by the movement cannot be overcome
altogether except by depriving it of its being in such and such a place
or position. For just as white resists black by reason of whiteness, and
all the more according as whiteness is the more distant from blackness,
so a body resists a certain place through having an opposite place and
its resistance is all the greater, according as the distance is greater.
Now it is impossible to take away from a body its being in some place or
position, except one deprive it of its corporeity, by reason of which it
requires a place or position: wherefore so long as it retains the nature
of a body, it can nowise be moved instantaneously, however greater be the
motive power. Now the glorified body will never lose its corporeity, and
therefore it will never be possible for it to be moved instantaneously.
Reply to Objection 4: In the words of Augustine, the speed is said to be equal
because the excess of one over the other is imperceptible, just as the
time taken by the whole movement is imperceptible.
Reply to Objection 5: Although after the resurrection the time which is the
measure of the heaven's movement will be no more, there will nevertheless
be time resulting from the before and after in any kind of movement.