HISTORY of the CHRISTIAN CHURCH*

 

 

CONTENTS.

 

FROM GREGORY VII. TO BONIFACE VIII. A. D. 1049–1294.

 

§ 1. General Literature.

§ 2. Introductory Survey.

 

 CHAPTER I. THE HILDEBRANDIAN POPES. A.D. 1049–1073.

 

§ 3. Sources and Literature on Chapters I. and II.

§ 4. Hildebrand and his Training.

§ 5. Hildebrand and Leo IX. 1049–1054.

§ 6. Victor II. and Stephen IX. (X.). 1055–1058.

§ 7. Nicolas II. and the Cardinals. 1059–1061.

§ 8. The War against Clerical Marriage.

§ 9. Alexander II. and the Schism of Cadalus. 1061–1073.

 

 CHAPTER II. GREGORY VII, 1073–1085.

 

§ 10. Hildebrand elected Pope. His Views on the Situation.

§ 11. The Gregorian Theocracy.

§ 12. Gregory VII. as a Moral Reformer. Simony and Clerical Marriage.

§ 13. The Enforcement of Sacerdotal Celibacy.

§ 14. The War over Investiture.

§ 15. Gregory VII. and Henry IV.

§ 16. Canossa. 1077.

§ 17. Renewal of the Conflict. Two Kings and Two Popes.

§ 18. Death of Gregory VII.

 

 CHAPTER III. THE PAPACY FROM THE DEATH OF GREGORY VII. TO THE CONCORDAT OF WORMS. A.D. 1085–1122.

 

§ 19. Victor III. and Urban II. 1086–1099.

§ 20. Pascal II. and Henry V. 1099–1118.

§ 21. The Concordat of Worms. 1122.

§ 22. The Conflict of the Hierarchy in England. William the Conqueror and Lanfranc.

§ 23. William Rufus and Anselm.

§ 24. Anselm and Henry I.

 

 CHAPTER IV. THE PAPACY FROM THE CONCORDAT OF WORMS TO INNOCENT III. A.D. 1122–1198.

 

§ 25. Innocent II., 1130–1143, and Eugene III., 1145–1153.

§ 26. Arnold of Brescia.

§ 27. The Popes and the Hohenstaufen.

§ 28. Adrian IV. and Frederick Barbarossa.

§ 29. Alexander III. in Conflict with Barbarossa.

§ 30. The Peace of Venice. 1177.

§ 31. Thomas Becket and Henry II of England.

§ 32. The Archbishop and the King.

§ 33. The Martyrdom of Thomas Becket. Dec. 29, 1170.

§ 34. The Effects of Becket’s Murder.

 

 CHAPTER V. INNOCENT III. AND HIS AGE. A.D. 1198–1216.

 

§ 35. Literature.

§ 36. Innocent’s Training and Election.

§ 37. Innocent’s Theory of the Papacy.

§ 38. Innocent and the German Empire.

§ 39. Innocent and King John of England.

§ 40. Innocent and Magna Charta.

§ 41. The Fourth Lateran Council, 1215.

 

 CHAPTER VI. THE PAPACY FROM THE DEATH OF INNOCENT III. TO BONIFACE VIII. 1216–1294.

 

§ 42. The Papal Conflict with Frederick II Begun.

§ 43. Gregory IX. and Frederick II. 1227–1241.

§ 44. The First Council of Lyons and the Close of Frederick’s Career. 1241–1250.

§ 45. The Last of the Hohenstaufen.

§ 46. The Empire and Papacy at Peace. 1271–1294.

 

 CHAPTER VII. THE CRUSADES.

 

§ 47. Literature on the Crusades as a Whole.

§ 48. Character and Causes of the Crusades.

§ 49. The Call to the Crusades.

§ 50. The First Crusade and the Capture of Jerusalem.

§ 51. The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. 1099–1187.

§ 52. The Fall of Edessa and the Second Crusade.

§ 53. The Third Crusade. 1189–1192.

§ 54. The Children’s Crusades.

§ 55. The Fourth Crusade and the Capture of Constantinople. 1200–1204.

§ 56. Frederick II. and the Fifth Crusade. 1229.

§ 57. St. Louis and the Last Crusades. 1248, 1270.

§ 58. The Last Stronghold of the Crusaders in Palestine.

§ 59. Effects of the Crusades.

§ 60. The Military Orders.

 

 CHAPTER VIII. THE MONASTIC ORDERS.

 

§ 61. The Revival of Monasticism.

§ 62. Monasticism and the Papacy.

§ 63. The Monks of Cluny.

§ 64. The Cistercians.

§ 65. St. Bernard of Clairvaux.

§ 66. The Augustinians, Carthusians, Carmelites, and other Orders.

§ 67. Monastic Prophets.

§ 68. The Mendicant Orders.

§ 69. Franciscan Literature.

§ 70. St. Francis d’Assisi.

§ 71. The Franciscans.

§ 72. St. Dominic and the Dominicans.

 

 CHAPTER IX. MISSIONS.

 

§ 73. Literature and General Survey.

§ 74. Missions in Northeastern Germany.

§ 75. Missions among the Mohammedans.

§ 76. Missions among the Mongols.

§ 77. The Jews.

 

 CHAPTER X. HERESY AND ITS SUPPRESSION.

 

§ 78. Literature for the Entire Chapter.

§ 79. The Mediaeval Dissenters.

§ 80. The Cathari.

§ 81. Peter de Bruys and Other Independent Leaders.

§ 82. The Amaurians and Other Isolated Sects.

§ 83. The Beguines and Beghards.

§ 84. The Waldenses.

§ 85. The Crusades against the Albigenses.

§ 86. The Inquisition. Its Origin and Purpose.

§ 87. The Inquisition. Its Mode of Procedure and Penalties.

 

 CHAPTER XI. UNIVERSITIES AND CATHEDRALS.

 

§ 88. Schools.

§ 89. Books and Libraries.

§ 90. The Universities.

§ 91. The University of Bologna.

§ 92. The University of Paris.

§ 93. Oxford and Cambridge.

§ 94. The Cathedrals.

 

 CHAPTER XII. SCHOLASTIC AND MYSTIC THEOLOGY.

 

§ 95. Literature and General Introduction.

§ 96. Sources and Development of Scholasticism.

§ 97. Realism and Nominalism.

§ 98. Anselm of Canterbury.

§ 99. Peter Abaelard.

§ 100. Abaelard’s Teachings and Theology.

§ 101. Younger Contemporaries of Abaelard.

§ 102. Peter the Lombard and the Summists.

§ 103. Mysticism.

§ 104. St. Bernard as a Mystic.

§ 105. Hugo and Richard of St. Victor.

 

 CHAPTER XIII. SCHOLASTICISM AT ITS HEIGHT.

 

§ 106. Alexander of Hales.

§ 107. Albertus Magnus.

§ 108  Thomas Aquinas.

§ 109. Bonaventura.

§ 110. Duns Scotus.

§ 111. Roger Bacon.

 

 CHAPTER XIV. THE SACRAMENTAL SYSTEM.

 

§ 112. Literature on the Sacraments.

§ 113. The Seven Sacraments.

§ 114. Baptism and Confirmation.

§ 115. The Eucharist.

§ 116. Eucharistic Practice and Superstition.

§ 117. Penance and Indulgences.

§ 118. Penance and Indulgences.

§ 119. Extreme Unction, Ordination, and Marriage.

§ 120. Sin and Grace.

§ 121. The Future State.

 

 CHAPTER XV. POPE AND CLERGY.

 

§ 122. The canon Law.

§ 123. The Papal Supremacy in Church and State.

§ 124. The Pope and the Curia.

§ 125. Bishops.

§ 126. The Lower Clergy.

§ 127. The Councils.

§ 128. Church and Clergy in England.

§ 129. Two English Bishops.

 

 CHAPTER XVI. POPULAR WORSHIP AND SUPERSTITION.

 

§ 130. The Worship of Mary.

§ 131. The Worship of Relics.

§ 132. The Sermon.

§ 133. Hymns and Sacred Poetry.

§ 134. The Religious Drama.

§ 135. The Flagellants.

§ 136. Demonology and the Dark Arts.

§ 137. The Age passing Judgment upon Itself.